The Owner Of E Commerce Website

The Owner Of E handicraft entanglementsiteAssume you be the makeer of an e-commerce website. What argon m some(prenominal) of the signs that your site has been hacked. discuss the major types of flacks you could suffer to experience and the resulting rail at on your site. Prep atomic number 18 a brief report base on your finding. doubt 2 You atomic number 18 required to propose website information to one of the IT entrepreneurs in your area. Consider in that location are two options for building the site in-house with existing staff or outsourcing the entire operation. Discuss which options are in the club best invade and the reason for choosing that option. Provide pros and cons for each option. Prepare a report based on your finding.IntroductionE-commerce (electronic commerce), an online vocation verses the real world trade. E-commerce, including retail shopping, online banking, descent and bond trading, auctions, real estate transactions, airline booking, movie re ntals, almost anything you do-nothing imagine in the real world. Such as hair, nail salons preempt benefit from providing e-commerce-related health and beauty product sales, often from local customers is a personal website or service.E-commerce tout ensembleow consumers to exchange time or availableness of electronic products and services in the distance. E-commerce, the rapid expansion in the pastfive years, is pass judgment to continue at this place, or plain accelerate. With the traditionaland electronic in the respectable future, electronic commerce bequeathing be fall in creasingly blurred boundaries, a good deal(prenominal) and more enterprises to embark on a sidetrack of cabbage business. automatic to create a successful online store can be a thorny path, if not aware of the principles of e-commerce, e-commerce what should be through for your online business. Re research and sympathise the need to properly plan the implementation of guidelines for e-commerce, is a vital part of the online store into and success.However, the entanglement has its limitations, such as trade brought no plight of gage, the question is who provoked the problems, loss of credit card hackers worry about anything. To ladder this problem need to rely on web sites and web payoff design is subdue, make a better model, such as security. sack up design can be used in two ship canal through outsourcing or in house to do so.Define interrogative mood 1Computer hacking almodal values involves numerous infringement of or damage to computing device-based, such as documents, Web pages or software concealing dimension level. The impact of ready reckoner hackers is simply not the aforesaid(prenominal) as the nefarious invasion and angry. Surrounded by a mysterious halo, hackers, and prestige, is a comparatively elite individual who has cutledge, and giveing to take part as a high-risk groups, need to become a true hacker accompanied. An enkindle alternat ive view, however positive, such as hackers and hacker software development ideas, in science and technology.Hackers nurse a strong interest in computers and persistent pursuit, they continue to study computer and network association, to find a computer and network vulnerability. They are difficult challenge high-level network of interest to find vulnerabilities and attack our networks.We need to bang that their criminal acts in order to pr egress our site or any invasion. In fact, hackers or computer on our website the number of symbols. Signs that we k straightway what go away happen, as large as we can to avoid being hacked. Here are whatever websites turn in become a hacker attack signatures. act unbelief 1There are several different computer computer virus symptoms, can military service us identify the computer from being infected, the virus is one of the potential dangers harmful. These viruses have many different forms and ways, it becomes really difficult for us to adjust the application of each machine. Therefore, all our machines are very easy to attack from computer viruses or few some other time, sometimes even the best anti-virus software can ignore the harmful viruses. Computer virus symptoms of some common understanding allows us to battle our anti-virus to a obedient start.A computer virus is a very crushed program, have the ability to spread from one computer to some other, and then destruction of the work and the function of the infected machine. It is important to determine in some cases, even a system crash or virus as concisely as it could lead to important information loss situation. There are many computer virus remove program that can help eliminate the risk of computer viruses.In addition, the symptoms of computer viruses possess some distinct characteristics, if your machine has been infected, most likely you go forth immediately trip up the results. The computers basic work will be keenly goed, due to the performance of computer failure, you will not suck, I assure you, the use of beforehand(predicate) implementation of many functions. Such as computer running than normal, more slowly for no apparent reason.The exception of certain types of files does not run the file or the Task Manager. File is a spyware and viruses, such as different forms of the symptoms of abnormalities that may affect the background files on your computer utterly slow down the busy work and the speed of the computer. They tend to hackers hijack your bandwidth, so the eyes of your system for their own purposes. Internet activities are not add-remove any programs used to access the Internet, it will suddenly slow Internet access. When you return to the desktop wallpaper and icons.Major types of attacksVirusIn a computer, computer virus is a program or programming encipher that is copied or start by copying to other program, computer smasher sector or file. Virus can be transmitted, such as file attachments in e-mail to download the instructions, or on or floppy disk or CD-ROM. Direct source of the e-mail note, downloaded file, you have received or floppy disk ordinarily does not know it contains a virus. roughly viruses wreak their effect, because one time their code enforcement other viruses breathe dormant until circumstances cause their code, by the computer to perform. Some viruses are benign or playful in intent and effect (Happy Birthday, Ludwig) And some can be quite harmful, de permite data or cause the need to reformat the hard disk.WormIn the computer, the worm is a self-replicating virus file, but will not change in the active memory-resident and a copy of itself. Worm uses the operating system is automatic, substance abusers do not usually visible. It is common for worms to be noticed only when they can not go through replication consumes system picks, slow down or stop other tasks.If your computer is experiencing performance issues, most recently, you might want to know if your computer has been infected with a worm or virus. Self-education is a great way to start when troubleshooting your computer. Once you understand your possible causes of performance problems, you are so much better equipped to repair things, and can gauge your life.DOSDenial of Service ( do) attack is one in which the user or arranging is a resource service, they will usually expect to be deprived of the event. In a distributed denial of service, a pack of damage to the system (sometimes referred to as a botnet) attack a target.Although DoS attacks are usually not lead to information or other security, the loss of security, which can cost the target person or federation the time and a caboodle of money. Typically, loss of service is a special(prenominal) network services, such as email, can not provide all network connections and services, or temporary loss. A denial of service attack can overly destroy the affected computer programming systems and documentation. I n some cases, denial of service attacks, forcing millions of people visit the corporate Web site suspension. fifth column horseIn the computer, the trojan horse is a malicious or harmful code is harmless on the inner(a) surface of the program or in such a way that it can be manageled and damage in the form of their choice, including procedures, such as data on the hard drive destruction File parceling Table disk. In one famous example of a Trojan horse is that this would have to find and destroy computer virus program. Trojan horses can be widely redistributed as part of computer viruses.Marco virusMacro viruses requires the user to take action to implement once they are downloaded to your computer, or to systems approach. The virus is usually written in a scripting language commonly used to create applications for use in the macro. Some of these macro viruses on the computer system failure than a security threat. One example is the text in Microsoft Word macro virus to generat e a popular, specific key combination is pressed.Define Question 2Outsourcing is often used when a conjunction needs as part of the business, this part of the conditions to another club. Recently, the relevant provisions have been widely used in technology-related initiatives, such as transfer to a 3rd party IT service desk. But it also refers to non-technical services, such as customer service by phone deal.Outsourcing activities are generally in the same(p) country. When the companys involvement in another continent, such as India, use the correct term is offshore outsourcing. Nearshore outsourcing is the outsourcing of other national projects, but as a U.S. company outsourcing activities in Canada, with the mainland, the company will be called nearshore outsourcing.Although the main accusatory of outsourcing is often lower cost, many companies are not cost-effective. In particular, Gartner predicts that by 2007 80% of companies that outsource customer service, the main object ive of cost-cutting plan, will not try. This statistical data is one of the reasons behind the outsourcing companys staff turn all over rate is high, and sometimes 80-100%. This will combine the loss of customers, from frustration because the hidden costs and consumer costs are obvious, outsourcing of contact, if not carefully monitored, can easily fail.Answer Question 2Advantages of outsourcingWhen you evaluate your choices and your outsourcing various components of the decision, you need to consider the advantages of outsourcing. When done for the right reasons, outsourcing will actually help your company grow and indite money. Some outsourcing services, beyond the money, and so on. Here are the top septet of the outsourcing advantage.Focus On Core ActivitiesIn the period of rapid growth, the companys back-office operations will also be expanded. This expansion may begin in the consumption of the core that have made your company successful event cost resources (human and financi al). Outsourcing these activities will allow these commercial activities is not sacrificing quality or service office in the background, an important re-positioning.For example A company land a major produce will significantly join on in a very short period of time purchases outsourcing of procurement. practicable ControlOperating cost, we must consider outsourcing. Departments may have evolved over time into out of control, poor management field is the main power for outsourcing. In addition, the outsourcing company can bring better management skills, your company than the original.For example information technology, there are too many projects, not enough people contribute far beyond the budget of the organization. ground management fuck off for the outsourcing agreement will force the priority of its request, control returns to the area.Cost And Efficiency SavingsBack to the office of the complexity, but the sizing of your company is unable to perform in a consistent and we ll-founded cost is your function is another advantage of outsourcing.For example A small doctors office, a variety of insurance plans. Part-time people cant sustain up with all the different suppliers and rules. Outsourced to a company specializing in aesculapian costs.Develop Internal StaffFor large projects that require the necessary skills, your employees do not. Site outsourcing skills, you will bring your companys needs. The work you love, they can acquire sunrise(prenominal) skills.For example Companies need to embark on a replacement / go on of various items of custom equipment. You did not ask the engineers to design new skills and lift equipment. Outsourcing outsourcing project engineers, field engineers and requirements, will help you gain new skills. cut down OverheadBack-office functions to perform specific administrative costs are very high. Considering outsourcing, you can easily move.For example economic growth, thereby increasing the necessity for office space. The current location is very expensive, no room to expand. Outsourcing some simple operations, melt off office space needs. For example, make phone calls or data entry.Continuity Risk ManagementHigh employee turnover will increase during the uncertainty and contradictory actions. The level of outsourcing will provide continuity, time reducing the risk of the company will bring the operation of lacking(p) level of the company.For example Human Resources Manager is a long-term reproduce leave and two new executive assistant position in a very short period of time remains. Outsourcing human resource functions to reduce risk and allow the company to continue to operate.Staffing FlexibilityOutsourcing will allow operators to bring in seasonal or cyclical quest more resources, when you need them, release them when youre done.For example whether the accounting discussion section of taxation season is short, the transfer audit. Outsourcing these functions to provide more time and r esources a lot of fixed costs of long-term agreement.Disadvantages of outsourcingWhen you assess your outsourcing options, remember, there are advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing outsourcing. Outsourcing listed below to see one of the weaknesses of each, and decided how the project will impact on your business. If the advantages outweigh its disadvantages outsourcing outsourcing, you should avoid outsourcing.Loss of Managerial ControlWhether you sign with another companys contract to perform a single task to the entire department or function, you move to another companys management and control functions. In fact, you will have a contract, but management will belong to another company. Your outsourcing company will not be driven by the same standards and tasks to promote your company. They will be forced from their service to you and your other business profits.Bad PublicityThe word outsourcing reminds me of different things to different people. If you live in a community w ith outsourcing companies, they use your friends and neighbors, outsourcing is good. If your friends and neighbors lost their jobs because they were shipped across the state, country or world, outsourcing will bring bad publicity. If you outsource part of your actions may affect the morale of the remaining workforce.Hidden CostsYou will work with the companys outsourcing contract will cover the services they will provide detailed information. In you will not need to pay any additional contract basis. In addition, you will experience the legal fees, hire a attorney to review your. Remember, this is the outsourcing companys business. They do, they are the ones in the contract. Therefore, you will start at a disadvantage in negotiations.Tied to the Financial Well-Being of Another communitySince you more than you as part of its operations to another company, you are colligate to the welfare of the companys financial stability. This will not be the first time, an outsourcing company m ight go bankrupt, so you hold the bag.Threat to Security and ConfidentialityIn any life-blood of businesses with information to maintain its operation. If you have wages, medical records or any other confidential information, the information transmitted to the outsourcing companies have their own privacy risks may be affected. If the holding company, data sharing and knowledge (such as product drawings, recipes, etc.) outsourcing, it must consider the function. Outsourcing company carefully evaluated to ensure that your data protection and unexpected situations in the contract penalties.Quality ProblemsOutsourcing companies take the profit motive. Since the contract will determine the prices, the only way they will reduce costs to increase profits. They meet the conditions of the contract, you will pay. In addition, you will have the rapid response capability, in the business environment changes. The contract will be very specific, you will have to pay the extra change.Advantages o f in-house touch buildingDue to intragroup ( inside) search engine optimisation team up up has many benefits, link building is a way to use them. You will find a spread to other search engine optimization efforts and factors. A warning, I would like to mention is that this in itself has the following advantages will not make the internal search engine optimization search engine optimization outsourcing and beyond, unless the company has a search engine optimization and search a solid foundation for understanding.Understanding of the BusinessAn internal staff more likely to have your business and industry, a deeper understanding. This knowledge and insight to choose the right keywords in recognition to optimize come in handy. Has an internal search engine optimization involves a familiar brand and product line and language.Link LongevityIn addition to voice and choice of absolute anchor text link from which sites, internal link building also provides greater management control o f the reverse. modify web pages anchor text and links to fewer calls and e-mail much faster. Link in the development and construction activities, and easier for our fiction link longevity. streamline Concurrent WorkflowSince almost all internal, link building also has a streamlined, concurrent workflow affinity. Whether it is search engine optimization team, is a formal marketing department or not, marketing objectives for rapid communion and understanding.Networking and AccessibilityA way to get through from your suppliers, manufacturers, vendors, and the high correlational statistics between everyone back to the relevant business. In the network of relationships is a raving mad place to start building to the existing connections and business relationships Contact convey their contact to obtain low cost.Broadening the Scope of a coalitionApart from a general business with the acquisition of contact, internal SEO team can be acquired, especially the link to the publisher. Peop le who describe quickly that you have purchased, the traditional advertising and urge to have a own web pages or more than your link.Disadvantages of in-hourseLead generationProcess of hoard names and contact information about qualified prospects which will be contacted by the salespeople for generating orders. It usually involves direct response advertising and telemarketing.What is best for our organizationIn my opinion, I would choose outsourcing to be my construction website, because I know outsourcing expertise and level. They can complete the work in the short term, so we can save a lot of resources and time. In addition, the in-house opportunity to learn from their expertise. Subsequently, the in-house expertise they also can create it yourself. Two birds with one stone. Although, outsourcing a few risks, but everything has to get his risk, we also need to overcome these risks, as long as we overcome the risk of succesConclusionIn a conclusion, e-commerce is undeniably the best one in this world of things. Although it is risky, but in a period of rapid growth, we really need it to help us. Therefore, we let E be my domestic and international well-known. Therefore, there are many hackers want to destroy and steal information e-commerce. But today, e-commerce is very dangerous.In my opinion, I think we should pay more attention and increase our security, and now the latest anti-virus software is the possibility ofcracking is to reduce a lot of contrast. In addition, we should not inadvertently reveal personal information and conditions.Appendix

Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet in Business

Advantages and Disadvantages of meshing in Business50 familys ago tribe started exploitation the earnings in the world. With the development of earnings, thither arisen m or so(prenominal) accessories by the meshwork. The Taobao website is angiotensin converting enzyme of the commonly used websites in mainland China, Which plays a steer agency in Chinese e-commerce industry. People buy products online through Taobao. The Taobao Company made epoch-making profits in recent years. In this report, it is going to let out the advantages of development the Internet in Taobaos line of descent. in the kickoff voice. In this part, the report refer about the Taobao gross domestic product contribution, new management mode build up and stock opportunities provided. In the second part, the report illustrates that the disadvantage of utilise the Internet in Taobaos business, in this part of view, the report points out the time-wasting, risk in profit deceiveping and negative im pacts of business efficiency. This essay aims to analyze the advantages and the disadvantages of development the internet in Taobaos business.The advantages of exploitation the internet in Taobaos businessThe first advantage is the gross domestic product contribution by Taobao internet business. fit to the online auction bridge statistic from Chinese Ne bothrk In prep areation Center (CNNIC) in 2006, there were only 12.27 million internet users in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou which atomic number 18 the top lead cities in China. The data which included 3.3 million hatful who experienced the internet online dealingss. It shows that there are huge internet-shopper populations in China, especially for the economic-booming cities. Taobao plays a leading role in e-commerce industry and gain hoi polloi of loyalty guests, closely of willing to introduce Taobao to their friends who attempt to go shopping in the internet. downstairs the large user volume, Taobao gives the rea son why it can create GDP increasing. consort to the data from 2008 China Online Shopping Report, Taobao occupied 67% of Chinese C2C market in 2005. Furthermore, in 2007, it owned 70.4% of online customers. Taobao could have more than 10 million RMB businesses only in one month. Taobao could bring more than 1 billion RMB to Chinese GDP. As the income, expenditure and output influence the GDP increase, thus, with Taobao development, more GDP increase could be bring. Nowadays, Taobao became an essential part of Chinese GDP increase.Taobao started Chinese internet shopping business model. Hoskins (2002) points out that the internet is absolutely cheaper than other traditional media. The internet market can subvent the only world customer. The internet business may generally replace the traditional businesses. Because Taobao belongs to e-commerce, the communication of the system of rules is not as same as those companies who operate in a specific space.In order to desex communicat ion sufficiently under business operation, Taobao is forced on the triplet main areas of management. First, Taobao create an online communication withall which is called Aliwangwang for Taobaos buyers and sellers. According to Trites (2008), Aliwangwang, which is ranked as the most satisfied service of Taobao, because the third party is unnecessary for the communications surrounded by sellers and buyers? Second, Taobao projected a new feedback system. Li el at. (2007) display that the sellers will give the feedbacks within a period of 14 days, the sellers write up will be influenced by buyers feedbacks. If a seller got 10% displease feedback, the system will shut down the booth in two months.(Source Research on Chinese C2C E-Business Institutional Trust Mechanism gaucherie Study on Taobao and Ebay.cn, 2007)In the figure 1 which displays above, it is clearly shows that the feedback chemical mechanism in Taobao. All sellers in Taobao have to be evaluated by this feedback data, if any sellers more than 30% negative total negative feedback data, it means they could anomic the chance to do business in Taobao. Third, the design of Taobaos website is attractive, the fashionable website design style incessantly catch young peoples eyes, even a part of elder customers are willing to suffer Taobao because the website design style. Taobao divided products into incompatible categories, such as men, women, baby, and electronic products. After click the guild link, the customer can find more details for the selling goods. It is easily and efficiently to find the products what they want.According to China Economic Analysis (2002), China has 7% unemployment rate almost reached the national unemployment rate warming level. Taobao provided job opportunities to the unemployment population. According to Li el at (2009), Taobao provided more than 600 thousands job opportunities. Among 570 thousand people enjoyed the employment chances provided by Taobao. Many sellers i n Taobao traded their business as their careers and many of them had better lives depends on Taobao business. Under the stiff competition, there are a large of unemployment people with business vision but cannot find a job in top business companies. They use Taobao to fulfill their dream, some of them have their own clothes manufacturing factory after they started business in Taobao. For example, in 2009, the unemployment in Jiangsu Province located in the south of China has serious unemployment rate which shows 3.09 %. The data from the local government shows that Taobao offered 5.7 million job opportunities directly and more than 10 million job opportunities indirectly. Such as the development of Delivery Company, the needs of preservation employee must be increase.(Pan, 2001)The disadvantages of using the internet in Taobaos businessYoung people blow over too much money on Taobao internet shopping. Because the selling prices in Taobao are cheaper than in the other places. Accor ding to Pan (2001), pricing has a noteworthy influence for selling goods but with negative coefficient and absolute value. Because buyers cannot identify the goods visually, the game price goods are laboreder to sell. Beside, Majority of young people cannot afford the steep price products which are sold in other shops. For this reason, they prefer to shop at Taobao. Moreover many sellers on Taobao, who work as part-time, overhaul too much time on their business. When they concentrate on their Taobao business, their assignments form the company maybe delays.It is difficult to avoid the risks for the seller and buyer on Taobao. Kiang el at. (2009) discovers that the buyers have to accept the high risks for purchasing online. For this reason, this leads to a significant obstacle in internet commercial business. Credit witticism fraud problems, is caused by people who make business on the internet, are continuously increasing. Only after information flow, capital flow and logistic s ideal backflow, the business deal could be regarded as a completed transaction (Zhang, 2008). For the sellers risk, they have to responsible for some missing goods, even though the delivery companies compensate 50% of goods price. For customers risk, it is hard to post customers some electronic devices. Meanwhile, this genial of products is easy to be broken down. If the customers discovered the damage of the products, after they beget broken goods, they could not return the goods to the seller.The internet shopping makes the efficiency of Taobao decrease. According to Ray (2002), the organisational effectiveness has a significant influence on recruiting talented people and company development. According to Worthys (1962) organizational structure theory, there are two organization structural performances which are the flat organization structure and the tall organizational structure. Whatever the organization belongs to, the communication is always the important part of organiz ational development. Taobaos employees are separated in the whole of the world. The communication betwixt employee and superior is difficult that the other companies. Even though when some problems arise, the employees can use the internet to communicate with Taobao headquarters. Because of the long distant, plenty problems cannot be solved immediately. Taobao have no too much hierarchical management level, but personally, it belongs to tall organization structure because the communication hard to transmit to the top manager as fast as possible. For this reason, the organizational effectiveness could be influenced. The talented people could be affected by companys performance. Taobao could loss the technical support from those talent people.ConclusionThis essay analyzes the advantages and the disadvantages of using the internet in business. The essay uses Taobao e-commerce website as an example. Based on the data from eight resources, the essay divides the whole article into two pa rts, the advantages of using internet in business and disadvantage of using internet in business. To psychoanalysis the reason why Taobao could rapidly increase in resent year and gain more market share. For positive influences, the first the report shows that Taobao is commit to increase the Chinese GDP under large internet user number, and then the report analyze the new management mode travel rapidly and management in Taobao. The last, decrease the unemployment rate in China be point out in the essay and how Taobao plays a key role in this social problems. In negative aspect, many people spend too much time and money on online shopping, because the young people do not how to balance their finance. Besides, internet business brings more risks between sellers and buyers, the report introduce the risk could arise in which aspect. Furthermore, internet business could influence the effectiveness of Taobao, the report analysis the reasons and explain the relationship between the tal ent people and organization efficiency.

Does Herzbergs Motivator And Hygiene Factor Theory Apply Tourism Essay

Does Herzbergs Motivator And Hygiene gene Theory Apply Tourism EssayMotivation is a whimsical force that scores an individual the zeal to undertake a task. chinaw ar has experienced success in managing its technological and other traditional sectors due to the motivating that it gives to employees. Managers be mindful that the control establishment of running business is non-motivating to the employees (Fulton, Maddock, 1998). They intend in giving individual responsibility for them to utilize their ability. According to Herzberg, unravel achievements, recognition, responsibility, and growth are motivating incidentors to employees. The theory is non limited to both form of culture and does not consider any. The theory of Herzberg is much relevant in chinaware since they believe in giving individuals responsiveness (Silverstein, 2007). Taiwan believe in giving individuals the chance make use of their noesis to explore their capability and ability. Employees have the c hance to advance and grow in Herzberg hygiene theory. According to Herzberg, if the hygiene means is taken into consideration it could overhaul in eliminating peoples dis joys. Herzberg believes that employees get responsibility based on their level of ability, which is the akin principle that managers in Taiwan use. They give employees responsibility based on an employees level of skill and acquaintance (Pophal, 2002).Herzbergs theory is based on the significant factors, which is the motivation, and the dissatisfaction factor that is the hygiene. According to Herzberg, the hygiene factor help in dealing with dissatisfactions on the side of employees or the employers. The theory states that various factors may gain dissatisfaction to the employees, which eventu all(prenominal)y may lead to poor performance. Herzberg believes that the hygiene factors that cause dissatisfaction are strict cream supervision and tight confederacy policies (Herzberg, Frederick Herzberg (Author) scrutinize Amazons Frederick Herzberg summonFind all the books, assume about the reason, and more.See seem results for this authorAre you an author? gibe about Author primalMausner, Snyderman, 1993). intimately of the employees are ineffective to perform well under such conditions. They thumb suppressed and un displaced to use their skills. Managers in Taiwan are aware of the facts that employees need space to use their skills without strict supervision and need to be trusted to make decision on behalf of the company. Just like Herzberg states, that company policy may be dissatisfying, Taiwanese give their employees the chance and the put on the line in policymaking (Silverstein, 2007).Herzberg hygiene theory poses challenging tasks to employees as a direction of increasing their capability in utilizing their lie withledge, which is a tactic used by managers in Taiwan. The managers believe in employees full ability utilization therefore, they give them challenging ta sks so that they can use their knowledge and ask more. Additionally, Herzberg believes that judgment is an employee motivation that helps in utilizing his ideas and skill fully. Taiwan is a soaring rural as rated for it high performance. Employees in Taiwan are highly rewarded for their farm out improvement and excellent work performance. They get bonuses as incentives in work places, which are powerful motivators (HerzbergFrederick Herzberg (Author) look Amazons Frederick Herzberg PageFind all the books, shoot about the author, and more.See look results for this authorAre you an author? lift up about Author primeval, Mausner Snyderman, 1993). To some extent, the hygiene factor is bowelless to employees that are not able to utilize their full ability. This is because Herzberg suggests that employees who are unable to utilize their skills to the fullest should be replaced. In Taiwan, most of the employees are aware of stand-in facts for failure of skill and knowledge util ization therefore, go extra miles in whatever tasks they take.On the other side, Herzberg hygiene factor recommend promotion to employees for their well performance as a way of motivation. This factor is analogous to that of Taiwanese because promotion is based on the performance of an individual employee. The fact that they get promotion for their improvement and performance, employees in Taiwan are so eager to learn and acquire knowledge and skills. It is a fact that most of the employees learn through the e-learning program at their work places. To them promotion is a motivating factor that make them be always at their best. Employees in Taiwan compete among themselves to produce good results and give the best operate since they know there are rewards. Personal growth and achievement accord to Herzberg is important and employees in Taiwan work towards that for the short-term and long-term rewards (HerzbergFrederick Herzberg (Author) Visit Amazons Frederick Herzberg PageFind a ll the books, read about the author, and more.See search results for this authorAre you an author? Learn about Author Central, Mausner, Snyderman, 1993).Motivation is an important aspect of work performance and result satisfaction for the organization. Therefore, it is worth studying and putting into considerations. Managers and employers should learn the behaviors of their employees and interpret the motivating factor of each. According to Herzberg, motivated employees have the energy and will to be reproductive which, eventually help in organizational survival (Pophal, 2002). Taiwan managers are keen on the role that their employees perform so that they can motivate them. Managers understand that motivated employees perform well. The managers are aware of the fact that an increase income makes coin a lesser motivator. This means that work that interest them is more of a motivator (Bruce, Formisano, Anne Bruce (Author) Visit Amazons Anne Bruce PageFind all the books, read abou t the author, and more.See search results for this authorAre you an author? Learn about Author CentralPepitone, 1998).Motivation helps in eliminating tension in the work place. Managers and employees are well able to communicate and make decisions unneurotic with a clear focus. Additionally, motivation encourages employees to learn more and acquire knowledge and skill. These employees are able to stand any challenges that arise thus be competitive. Taiwan has a cross cultural in its work surround which is a very important issue of consideration because of the adjustments. This means that globally the managers should study what motivate employees across different cultures. On the other side, managers learn the best econometric influences that can impart cross-cultural environments and bring satisfactions to the employees (Bruce, Formisano Anne Bruce (Author) Visit Amazons Anne Bruce PageFind all the books, read about the author, and more.See search results for this authorAre you an author? Learn about Author CentralPepitone, 1998). The motivating factor in on culture is different from another. once companies study the motivating factors, they are able to adopt open system of management that gives employees greater autonomy.Herzberg motivation-hygiene factors are considered over other motivation theories because it pinpoints the dissatisfying needs. The dishonor categories of Maslows hierarchy of needs are similar to Herzberg hygiene factor. The difference is that the hygiene factors lead to dissatisfaction for their non-fulfillment. Two companies were tested from Taiwan and outside. Shih and Chinerawat developed an econometric model to test the two-factor theory of Herzberg. There was sufficient satisfaction from the model, which also reviewed that, the application program of hygiene factor different cross cultures (Chinerawat, 2009). Herzberg hygiene factor was reviewed to continue considerable satisfaction in the cross-cultural work setting in the com panies of test. Finally, the question of what would be the impact of the hygiene factor on the Taiwan industries is crucial. This is because different cultures have different motivating factors. Employees from Taiwan and those working in Taiwan but different cultures act differently. Herzberg hygiene factor caters for all cultures because it deals with the issue of work satisfaction. These help managers to understand different cultures and appreciate them with the induce of improving the competitiveness of different employees (Chinerawat, 2009).In conclusion, Herzberg states that hygiene factor is not directly proportional to work. That is because if bad working conditions lead to unsatisfied workers. Managers ought to understand that every individual employee is unique and is motivated differently. Taiwanese managers have learnt that money is not always a motivating factor and have seek other factors. This has led to their enormous success in the electronic handle compared to ot her countries. The managers have borrowed a leaf of Herzberg Hygiene factor to know what motivates and satisfy their employees. Taiwanese understand that a self-fulfilling factor increase productivity and improves performance (Chinerawat, 2009).

Economics of Energy: Shale Oil

economics of zip Shale vegetable crude embrocateEconomics of EnergyAs every rural bea endures the global recession, countries invest on various figures of nix sources that offer the upper limit benefits. There be many variations on energy that foundation be used such as solar energy, thermo thermonuclear energy, wind-generated energy and shale cover reserves. Each type of energy has different economic benefits. At register times, shale fossil oil reserves argon to watch pop out for. Shale oil reserves be usually undeveloped given that the process of quoteing its oil is a difficult process. However, the la running game technology unfolds the overwhelming potential of shale oil exploration. The avail susceptibility of shale oil resources across the globe and the effect of increased shale oil output signal withstand influence that extends further than the rest of competitors in energy industry. In contrast, new(prenominal) sources of energy offer economic benefit s as well solely only if differ with apostrophizes incurred.Among all energy sources, nuclear energy helps to reduce air pollution, balance the Earths weather, avoid acid rain, and depletion of ozone layer. Nuclear exponent plants are environment-friendly source of energy. There are many economic benefits of employ nuclear berth plants. Nuclear power plants are a groovy source of income while it incurs low cost on carrying into action. In the get together States, it is their second largest source of power. Aside from stability in future toll, it to a fault avoids the import on fuel. Although the economic benefits of nuclear power are great, the jade on shale oil exploration overshadows the nuclear industry. As many nuclear power plants are offline, most of them would envision it easier to build new turbines for screw up exploration than repair nuclear reactors. According to the Climate News meshing in London, most of the nuclear reactors in the unify States and Cana da are culmination d make since shale feature produces cheaper power (Brown, 2013, para.1). Moreover, the investment cost required for nuclear power plant is higher differentiated to shale oil exploration. Hence, the economic benefits of shale gas are wagerer than nuclear power. An differentwise source of energy is the solar power. This type of energy captures the photovoltaic cells that transform sunlight into electrical energy. Its edge among otherwise sources of energy is that sunlight is free hence, its energy is infinitely renewable. In the future, the cost of solar power is expected to decline below market price. To compare solar energy and shale gas, the latter has many variables to consider on its relevant be such as land costs, drilling costs, corporate belt and others. Hence, solar energy is more(prenominal) economic than shale gas when it comes to expenditures. Lastly, wind-generated energy is withal an alternative source of electricity. Wind turbines convert th e wind that passes through the blades into electricity. superstar of the challenges on wind energy industry is its disadvantage on costs. Its technology needs a higher amount of initial outlay than fogy fuels. Hence, shale gas is more cost-competitive compared to wind-generated electricity.Economic be and Profits of Shale rock oil geographic expeditionComputation for economic costs basically includes explicit costs, real costs and opportunity costs (EconomicConcepts.com, 2012, n.p.). On the other hand, economic profit is the expiration between revenue and costs incurred. In this section, the economic costs are cash outlays, opportunity costs, transportation expense to China and Beijing be, indemnification and loading (CFI). Below is a table of the writers own theoretical account of economic costs and profits of shale exploration ( gens 1). The figures are go off to the nearest whole number.Economic cost and Profit for Shale Oil geographic expedition issue forth Revenue$ 1 2,000,000,000.00Explicit bellsPipeline costsMaterials$ 8,000,000.00Miscellaneous put downs$ 1,000,000.00$ 9,000,000.00Land(934400 acres x $ 5000 per acre)$ 4,600,000,000.00Well Cost(50 come up x $5,000,000 rate per well)$ 250,000,000.00Drilling Costs$ 14,000,000.00Transportations Costs (Cost Insurance Freight to Beijing, China)(6000 trucks x $8000 rate per truck)$ 48,000,000.00$ 4,921,000,000.00Total Explicit CostsReal Costs repulse$ 11,500,000.00Total Real Cost$ 11,500,000.00 opportunity CostsOpportunity Costs$ 50,000,000.00Total Opportunity Costs$ 50,000,000.00Total Economic Costs$ 4,982,500,000.00Total Economic Profit$ 7,017,500,000.00 visit 1. Sample Model of Total Economic Costs and Profit for Shale Oil ExplorationIn record 1, the figures indicated are merely estimates through extensive research. In the explicit costs, the costs incurred are for pipeline, land, well, drilling and transportations. These are costs that are directly attributed to the shale gas exploration. The estimates used for rate per acre, well, and truck are average computation for from each one account. Secondly, real cost includes all the labor costs incurred to extract oil from the shale. Lastly, the opportunity cost pertains to the amount which could energize been earned using other alternatives such as nuclear power plant and so on. In the illustration, contribute revenue exceeds the total costs incurred which results to an economic profit of $7 Billion. Hence, the model shows a cash-generating shale oil exploration. The next illustration (Figure 2) shows the extended model of Figure 1.Expanded Computation for Economic Cost and Profit of Shale Oil ExplorationTotal Revenue$ 12,000,000,000.00Total Economic Costs$ 4,982,500,000.00 opposite CostsDecommission CostWaste Disposal costs$ 384,500,000.00Labor$ 568,050,000.00Used-fuel Storage costs$ 211,230,000.00$ 1,163,780,000.00Operation or Fracking Expense$ 1,230,500,000.00Construction Expense$ 805,080,000.00Total Economic Cost$ 8, 181,860,000.00Total Economic Profit$ 3,818,140,000.00Figure 2. Expanded Computation for Economic Cost and Profit of Shale Oil ExplorationIn Figure 2, the amounts from Figure 1 are retained and only the other costs account is added as well as operation or fracking cost and construction expense. The marginal cost is computed by dividing the reposition in total cost by variety in total quantity of shale oil (AmosWEB, 2014, para.4). Hence, $ 8,181,860,000.00 $ 4,982,500,000.00 is $3199360000. Change in total quantity pertains to the change in output of shale oil extraction. For instance, a company potful extract 100,000 tons of shale oil in a category and doubles for the bring home the bacon categorys. Below is the computation for marginal cost per year.Change in CostsChange in QuantityMarginal Cost1st year3199360000100,000319932nd year3199360000200,000159963rd year3199360000400,00079984th year3199360000800,0003999fifth year31993600001,600,0001999Figure 3. Computation for Margina l CostFigure 3 is a chart on computing for marginal cost. The numerator is the change in costs divided by the denominator which is the change in tons of shale oil.Energy ForecastEnergy Forecast on UAE from 2014 to 2020YearDollar value per Oil caskYearDollar Price per Oil Barrel200326.742014120.76200433.462015128.86200549.492016136.97200661.432017145.07200768.372018153.17200893.782019161.28200961.752020169.38201078.062011106.032012108.92013105.43Figure 4. Energy Forecast on UAE from 2014 to 2020In Figure 4, the amounts from the year 2003 up to 2013 are data released by World Bank trade good Price Data (Knoema, 2013). Following the one-time(prenominal) trends on Dubais oil prices, the next 6 six years are forecasts through the Microsoft outmatchs trend function. The illustration shows a forecast of the increasing oil price in the next 6 years. UAEs oil price is to increase by $7-$9.Comparative Energy Forecast on UAE, UK and USUAEUKUnited StatesYearDollar Price per Oil Barrel200326 .7428.8531.11200433.4638.341.44200549.4954.4356.44200661.4365.3966.04200768.3772.772.28200893.7897.6499.56200961.7561.8661.65201078.0679.6479.432011106.03110.9495.052012108.9111.9794.162013105.43108.8697.942014120.76123.61109.212015128.86131.63115.362016136.97139.65121.522017145.07147.66127.672018153.17155.68133.832019161.28163.70139.982020169.38171.72146.14Figure 5. Comparative Energy Forecast on UAE, UK and USFigure 6.Bar interpret of Energy Forecast on UAE, UK and USFigure 5 illustrates the past and future forecasts on the oil prices of UAE, UK and the United States. Using the past trends on oil prices of these countries, a forecast for the next 6 years is made. The comparable method of computation has been made similar to Figure 5. Its summary on Figure 6, UK has the highest amount of oil price in the next 6 years while UAE falls second. Although United States has usually the highest price of oil in the last 10 years, UK started to lead starting 2012 until now. Hence, both Uni ted States and UAE has to improve more in terms of their energy economics to spend UKs performance in energy industry.ReferencesBrown, P. (2013, February 13).Shale gas kills nuclear power Climate News Network. Retrieved from http//www.climatenewsnetwork.net/2013/02/shale-gas-kills-nuclear-power/EconomicConcepts.com (2012).Concept of Economic Costs Explict Cost Implict Cost- Real Cost Oppotunity Cost Definition and Example Economicsconcepts.com. RetrievedJanuary24, 2014, from http//economicsconcepts.com/concepts_of_economic_costs.htmKnoema (2013, October).Crude Oil Prices Forecast Long precondition to 2025 Data and Charts knoema.com. RetrievedJanuary25, 2014, from http//knoema.com/yxptpab/crude-oil-prices-forecast-long-term-to-2025-data-and-chartsMarginal Cost, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http//www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2014. Retrieved January 24, 2014.Theory of listen AutismTheory of estimation AutismThe term speculation of mind in cognitive psychology ent rusts various(prenominal)s to refer and arrive outing of other psyches metal state about their opinions or thoughts no person can be certain what another individual is view but can have a good view in what they may believe what they are thinking or about their thoughts Baron-Cohen (1997) theory of mind is exclusive to humans and allows humans to have a better chthonianstanding about the social world around and allows individuals to interact with other individuals in appropriate way Baron-Cohen (2003)Autism is a developmental throw out of kilter which occurs in the first 2 years of the Childs life and can affect nigh quaternion in every ten thousand peasantren (Baron-Cohen, Leslie Frith, 1985), the disorder is more four times more likely for a boy to have the disorder than a girl (Gilberg and Coleman, 1992 Rapin, 1997). An individual who has the disorder may find it secure to interact with another individuals and find it hard to understand what they are saying or und erstand the emotion of behaviour from another individual that also cannot understand their inner self-importance and the other individuals thoughts and believes. Early signs of autism in a child cannot keep eye-to eye contact with another individual for a long period of time. (Swettenham et al., 1998) Also they cannot spontaneously play with a toy because it may be the fact their disorder cannot let them understand what the toy does. A study took place where individuals where ask to sort out pictures giving to the by category, children with the artistic disorder sorted the pictures out by objects example hat scarf (weeks and Hobson, 1987) this shows that not all social talk is impaired but they have little understanding of what is being asked of them.The version the Mind in the Eyes Task(Baron-Cohen et al., 1997). Baron-Cohen et al. (1997, 2001a, 2001b) showed some individuals pictures of peoples eyes and where giving four different type of words describing emotion this study was allocated to individuals with autism and also individuals without the disorder but show some signs of the ill disorder. Baron-Cohen et al. (1997) believes that is a pure test of theory of mind and believes that the results from this study can be an in locoweed to trance if an individual has got the autistic disorder.Children without the disorder start to use the terms think and want this shows they have some understanding of their inner self Most autistics children are delayed in learning a langue which can lead them to make new words up which is called neologising this make it harder for them understand communication and participate in social chat with other individuals Rutter (1987). An autistic individual finds it hard to keep up with the subject of conversation and also shows in ability to use feedback which (Bailey et al., 1996). Children at the age 2 can to understand pretend play and the thoughts of other people when as children with autism have mind blindness this is an inability for them to understand social interactions which the individual finds it hard to develop a loving relationship with another individual. The disorder makes the individual find it hard to understand how some else is obtaining and its difficult for the autistic individual to interact with another individual without warning and may feel cold or distant towards other individuals. (Karmiloff-Smith, 1988, 1992) believes that all children explore the environment around them and automatically think of hypothesis and testing them this allows them.The social problems which under go in everyday life which autistic individuals have to saying in everyday life, there has been studies which have been created to mind if the problems they occur are related to the theory of mind. The Sally- Ann test false belief proletariat was created to see if the individual on going the task had theory of mind skills or not. A child was introduced to two dolls called cleft and Ann and where allocat ed with their own package with a marble hidden inside of it. The child was then told that crack cocaine has to go for a minute removing her from the scene and leaving her box behind this. The child is then told Ann is going to play a trick on sally and removes the marble from sallys box. Sally is then returned and the child is then asked where sally should scene for the marble. A child with theory of mind will remember that sally doesnt know where her marble is and unaware that it is missing and will look it sallys box by using worlds for example he thinks however a child lacking theory of mind skills will only see it from her rank of view and would look in Anns box Baron-Cohen, Leslie, and Frith (1985) Many children passed this false belief test which have the autism disorder. Nearly 80 percent of artistic children failed this task which shows that most of the children taking part have not got the inner ability to understand other peoples thought and emotions.Baron- Cohen et al s (1992 brought out a checklist for autism to see if any children have the autistic disorder to allow parents or guardians to find out in case of the risk of developing the disorder. The most universal signs of autism is mental retardation is most common with 75% of all cases (Rutter, 1979 Rapin, 1997) there is no strong evidence to prove autism is inherited disorder (Rutter, 1994) Autism is clearly understood as a developmental disorder which makes it difficult for that individual to express him/her self and find it hard to understand any other individuals feelings or understand that they can feel emotions and think thoughts. There is not enough evidence to suggest that theory of mind can allow us to understand about autism to its full potential and that theory of mind describes the disorder to where it is completely understood.

Literature Review Of Flooding And Flood Risks Environmental Sciences Essay

Literature Review Of deluge And outpouring lamp Risks Environmental Sciences essayThe concept of runing has a multi-disciplinary definition based on the touch on of the defining discipline. However, out melt down is generally taken to include any vitrine where land not normally cover by water becomes covered by water (FWMA, 2010 Pt 1). In recent decades there draw been raging scientific and media debates on likely agitates in make full regimes generated by land-use changes and humor change (Ranzi et al, 2002). The crux of near of these debates is centred on the simulated chance from such bombardment events. These guesss argon tie in to human health, infrastructure, socio-economic well-being of abnormal individuals and damage too to archaeological relics. Methods of evaluating and assessing onslaught risk turn over been true in the field of insurance, technological and environmental fields (Molak, 1997 Jones, 2001). Although river flooding is frequently related to natural disasters, the impacts of human activities such as urbanization have been observe by many scholars (Sala and Inbar, 1992 Kang et al, 1998 Ranzi et al, 2002). Flood risk is expressed in terms of the probability of authorizerence of adverse set up of flood related hazards and vulnerability with dominance consequences (Mileti, 1999 Merz, et al, 2007 FWMA, 2010). Although a number of approaches have been tested for flood events prediction, hydraulic mouldings have been specifically radiation patterned to predict flood photoflood (Horritt and Bates, 2002). Consequently, in the development of an effective and efficient flood risk instruction strategy hydraulic, hydrologic and socio-economic factors must be taken into consideration (Merz et al, 2007).2.2 Urbanisation and FloodingUrbanization and flooding are intricately linked in twain developed and developing countries. Increasing population growth and continued urban expansion has led to a reduction in surface permea bleness which invariably profits surface runoff in the absence of alleviating urban drain design (Kang et al, 1998 Parker, 1999 Ranzi et al, 2002). Although the UK has only small rivers by world standards, with the tendency for smaller-scale floods to occur (Wheater, 2006), considerable economic and infrastructural way outes arise from urban flooding (Mark et al, 2004). This loss is world-shatteringly higher in smaller river bank communities. For instance, Wheater (2006) notes that the 24hr rain in Carlisle on the 8th and 9th of January 2005 resulted in the loss of two lives, an estimated damage of 450 trillion and flooding of over 2000 properties when the flood defences were over-topped. The engineering and design of flood defences are based on hydrological and hydraulic models of river catchments. Hydrological models simulate surface runoff from rainfall while the hydraulic model describes structural controls of the river system (Kite, 2001 Mark et al, 2004 Kidson et al, 20 06 Heatlie et al, 2007).We close down that urbanization can represent a very significant increase in flood risk at small catchment scale, but that the effects are commonly mitigated, to a greater or lesser extent, by design measures. The impacts of effects at larger scales are complex and face on the relative magnitude and timing of sub-catchment responses and the performance of mitigation strategies. congeneric effects of urbanization on flooding are expected to drop-off with increasing storm return period, but the performance of mitigation strategies for events rarer than the design criteria adopted is largely unexplored.2.3 Global warming and FloodingThough it is tacit difficult to attribute global warming preserve this century to the enhance greenhouse effect and the resultant increase in observed rainfall (Reynard et al, 2001 Robson et al, 1998), the recurrent incidence of floods and their magnitude in the UK in recent propagation have raised major concerns that the effe ct of climate change is already being felt across the country (Robson, 2002). Milly et al, (2002) bugger offd the theory Global humour mock ups have been utilise to determine the likelihood of increased flood risk from global warming. Reynard et al (2001) used the CLASSIC (Climate and LAnd use Scenario mannikin In Catchments model) continuous die hard simulation model to assess the potential impact of climate and changes in land use on the flood regimes of the Severn and Thames rivers. They found that for the 2050s, the climate change scenarios results in an increase in twain the oftenness and magnitude of flooding events in both rivers. Similarly, Milly et al (2002) observed that the frequency of great floods increased significantly during the twentieth century. Accordingly, the statistically significant positive trend in the risk of floods was consistent with the results from the climate model (Milly et al, 2002). Roy et al (2001) investigated the impact of climate change on summer and autumn flooding on the Chateauguay river basin. Their study reveals serious potential increases in the wad of runoff, maximum discharge and water level with future climate change scenarios for a three 20-year periods spanning 1975 1995, 2020 2040, 2080 2100.2.4 pattern of Flood eventsThe simulation of extraordinary tend events characterized by high hydraulic risk has posed serious problems for polity makers, engineers and environmentalists around the world. The use of 1-D modelling for predicting flood risk generated by events of contrasting return period or multiple land use and climate change scenarios is widespread (Lin et al., 2005 Mark et al., 2004 Horritt and Bates, 2002 Mark et al., 2004 Lin et al., 2005 Hall et al, 2005). In their study, Bates and De Roo (2000) show the use of a 1-D model type storage cell called LISFLOOD-FP to produce designated channel cells for channel routing and uniform flow formulae for floodplain routing, through the bring of d iscrete raster-based analysis derived from a DEM at 100, 50 and 25m resolutions respectively and utilize to a major flood on a 35km r distributively of River Meuse. Syme (2001) notes that in addition to rapid wetting and drying, the strength of TUFLOW is its powerful 1D linking options, modelling of hydraulic structures, treatment of levees and embankments, effective data handling and quality control outputs.Horritt and Bates (2002) discontinue that HEC-RAS models correctd against discharge gave good flood predictions of inundated area on a 60km reach of the river Severn, UK.Reed and Robson, (1999, cited in Dawson et al., 2006) emphasise that many flood estimation problems were likely to arise at ungauged sites due(p) to the unavailability of flood peak data recorded in the UK Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH). The FEH is produced by the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology with information somewhat River catchments in the UK such as, rainfall frequency estimation, statistical proce dures for flood frequency estimation, rainfall-runoff and catchment descriptors. Dawson et al., (2006) used the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) technique to estimate flood statistics for un-gauged catchments (for most of the River catchments in the UK). The index flood analysis from the ANN results produced a comparable truth to that obtained from the Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH), but the flood estimation for each catchment was carried out for only a 10, 20 and 30 year flood event period giving room for short term flood defence preparation thereby incurring future expense on what can be predicted for up to 1000 years.A study by Yang et al (2002) on prediction of flood inundation and risk, using GIS and hydrodynamic model showed the ability to use a DEM manipulated in GIS and translated into MIKE21 (a modelling environment). In the study, different scenarios were evaluated and results translated to the GIS environment for visualization and analysis on flood events for an estimat ed 100-year flood return period. However, Yang et al, stressed that there were no real means to calibrate the simulations from the modelling output, as flow and stage data were rarely recorded for flood events and also, compare between outputs from MIKE21 and MIKE1, the former, being an upgrade of the latter.2.5 One-Dimension ISIS flood ModellingThe ISIS model has been used extensively in modelling inundated flow regimes of rivers across the UK (Heatlie, et al. 2007). The Manchester Ship Canal, a 58 km long river hardened in North West England and constructed in 1894 to include the navigable cave in of River Irwell (including River Irwell at Radcliffe, Bury) was one of the last major watercourses in the United realm to be analysed with hydraulic modelling techniques (Heatlie, et al. 2007). In preparation of an indicative flood mapping (IFM), the EA used an unsteady ISIS 1-D hydraulic model for the mapping of a 47km length of the Upstream Bristol Forme catchment to define areas at flood risk in 2002 (Syme et al, 2004).According to past studies (Costa-Cabral and Burges, 1994 Bodis, 2007 Rees, 2000) it is evident that the use of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in flood model creation have played a big role in the successful presentation of hydrological and topographical drainage basin data analysis (Peckham, 1998) because it depicts an array of elevations across the basin at regularly spaced intervals (Cunha, 2009). This eliminates the assumption that the catchment or area is a prone surface without compliances.In research carried out by Sansena Bhaktikul (2006) on the integration of hydraulic modelling and GIS towards the study of river the Mae Klong (Bangkok, Thailand). The runoff frequency analysis was used in the creation of a flood risk map. The study also showed that the results from the simulation carried out, was properly presented in GIS and DTM format, by making use of the contour and river spot height data. Sansena Bhaktikul (2006) conclude their study by suggesting that further studies be done on larger basins by dividing them into sub-basins and the network link to mix them should be introduced to have an overview of the basin. The runoff flow in flood plains, river bring and man-made structures are important factors in the study of runoff flow behaviour prediction of flood areas, they added, and thus further studies are thusly recommended to include rainfall runoff models in upriver and unsteady areas.2.6 needTo develop an appropriate one-dimensional ISIS hydraulic model of flood events that includes upstream catchments of the River Irwell and produce a flood map to predict flood extents an essential flood event period.2.7 Research QuestionDoes the inclusion of upstream catchments remedy the net flood prediction model of the river Irwell?What areas are most undefendable to flood risk in Radcliffe, Bury?To what level should the flood defences be built around the Radcliffe area?

NIC: The Unsung Hero :: essays research papers fc

NIC The Unsung HeroThe Network Interface Card, or NIC for short, is the most grave peripheral when it comes to operating on a network. legion(predicate) people think the most im wayant item in a network is the cabling, or maybe the network softw be, or even the figurer or server being used. While each of these items is important they are worthless without a Network Interface Card, for successful network operation. The NIC has taken most of the legwork out of the way we do business. No more does Bob, in the Production Department, have to save a file on a floppy disk just to hand carry it two floors up to Sue, in the Accounting Department. The NIC makes it possible to send the file across the network, rescue precious production time, so Bob can work on other matters. The importance of the NIC can be described in monetary value of what it is, what fibers there are, and system compatibility. So, what is a NIC? Simply put it is the physical porthole between the computer and the ne twork cable. The NIC performs many vital functions that are vaporous to the user, in order to send and receive selective information. 1) It prepares data to be send over the network by converting the computer, parallel data into serial data. 2) It advertises its get across to the rest of the network, to distinguish itself from other cards on the network. 3) It carries on an electronic dialog with the receiving NIC about such things as the maximum size of the data to be sent, the time intervals between data chunks, and how much data each card can hold before it overflows, to name a a few(prenominal) (Microsoft 76). All NICs operate pretty much the same way, but it is important to know about the different causes of NICs.NICs come in two sanctioned varieties those designated for servers and those designated for desktops (Harvey 104). The application of the network being used will dictate what type of NIC to use. Server NICs generally come with onboard processors and memory. For a heavily trafficked server, multiple port cards allow for additional connections to a server, saving expansion time s clump space (Harvey 105). The desktop NIC is more of a bare bones type of card. It does not require an onboard processor and memory, unless it is for a user that moves a lot of data (i.

A New Journey - Original Writing :: Papers

A New Journey - Original Writing A journey begins with a step, a voice, a fantasy or a loved sensation. My journey first began with a cry, un retireing what the future beholds, plainly in the end, I found myself at a destination which I did not visualise. A destination that was not meant to be. An end that became a naked beginning. Please dont do this to me, Ma. I said with a shaky voice. already annoyed, my mother said, I just cant afford it, okay? But what almost(predicate) my future? If I dont go to college, I wont even take up one. You know something? You are selfish. All you care about is yourself. Have you ever ideal about my position? I dont have a job. I dont have a stable income. And you know what your father is doing about this? Nothing. Dont talk to me about this now. She said as she walked away. I followed her to the kitchen, unwilling to give in. Im selfish? Youre the one who is selfish Now altogether you think about is Gary. Im your daughter I came first Im supposed to be number one I shouted. My vision began to blur as a film of tear coated my eyeballs. wherefore are you doing this to me, Ma? Every time you come home, all you do is talk to Gary. You know Im alone. You know I dont have friends. And now Ive confounded you. I might as well be dead. I grumbled. You are just so bloody stubborn Go on. Go touch yourself. She ended the conversation with such hurtful words. With uncontrollable tears blow out of my eyes, I ran into my room and slammed the door hard. I took out my daybook and put in writing everything that had just happened. As I was doing so, I thought about my father I hate him. It is his fault all this had happened. It was his cruel gesture that caused this mess. How is it that he had the heart to do

Offensive Speech Should be Allowed -- Freedom of Speech

There seems to be an internal desire for freedom in spite of appearance the soul of every man. Men realize that freedom is something basic, and to rob a man of his freedom is to take from him the essential basis of his manhood. The words of Dr. Martin Luther superpower Jr., spoken forty-three years ago, capture the spirit of the American dream. Since its conception, the fall in States of America has been the universal symbol for freedom and hope. The five most ingrained freedoms cherished by every citizen are granted in the root Amendment to the Constitution. Among them, Americans treasure the dependable to freedom of speech above all others. Yet, as we stand here in the birth of a new millennium, this right has become endangered. College campuses across the nation are embroiled in a heated weigh over what, exactly, constitutes free speech. At the heart of the debate is the issue of hate speech, or speech that offends, threatens, or insults a soulfulness because of some trai t such as gender or speed up (McMasters). Incidents of hate speech include an international student shouting racial epithets from his dorm room window (Hinds 108), complaints of email harassment (Harmon 115), and fraternity stir T-shirts depicting racially insulting caricatures (Frammolino 112). What is the solution to this fundamental conflict? many another(prenominal) people strongly advocate implementing speech codes into campus legal systems in pronounce to control such displays. However, this is an inadequate and superficial response to a often deeper issue. College campuses should not regulate hate speech because such regulations violate our inherent rights, no practical definition of hate speech exists, and there is no way to enforce punishment. Abridging freedom of speech on college campuses banda... ...t Austin. Sexual curse of Students by Faculty and Staff. make-up the World. Ed. Charles R. barrel maker and Susan Peck MacDonald. New York Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 123-124.U.S. overbearing Court. Beauharnais v. Illinois. piece the World. Ed. Charles R. Cooper and Susan Peck MacDonald. New York Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 128-135.U.S. Supreme Court. Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire. Writing the World. Ed. Charles R. Cooper and Susan Peck MacDonald. New York Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 126-128.Virginia Commonwealth University. Rights and Prohibited Conduct. Writing the World. Ed. Charles R. Cooper and Susan Peck MacDonald. New York Bedford/ St. Martins, 2000. 121-123.Walker, Samuel. Hate Speech The History of an American Controversy. Writing the World. Ed. Charles R. Cooper and Susan Peck MacDonald. New York Bedford/ St. Martins, 2000. 135-143.

Essay --

Cyber Warriors The future of warfare can be found at a military complex outside of Washington D.C., in a 358$ million office building that houses some of the worlds most powerful computers. This is the headquarter of Cyber Command, a new arm of the pentagon that wages combat not with missiles or bombs but with electronic signals that plant viruses, steal data and seize prevail of faraway hardrives. Run by a four-star general and soon to convey a staff of thousands, Cyber Command is the nerve center that controls Americas battles against the hackers, terrorists and hostile governments who are already prying into sensitive U.S. systems. It will alike be the launching pad for controversial new plans that use computers as offensive weapons against Americas Global Enemies.The U.S. has been furiously working to resurrect a wide range of new cyber strategies. And it is why Cyber Command, which opened its doors lone(prenominal) in 2010, is booming at a time when almost either par t of the military is suffering through deep budget cuts. prexy Obamas last funding request sought a well-nigh 20% incr...

Essay --

Over the years, our bill system has evolved from the tedious task of manual be to the ease of computerized accounting systems and programs. Computerized accounting has brought about a more efficient way of scene up and maintaining a companys financial records.In introductory years accountants would spend copious amounts of time manually recording billet transactions through journalizing, posting to rule books and mathematically checking separately journal and ledger for errors. This process was necessary in order to compile data required to produce financial reports and statements. The arrive of manual entries were so numerous that the marge of error was significantly increased. Simple mistakes, such as transposing a number or incorrectly recording a transaction in the defective column could create a ripple effect of errors throughout each journal, ledger, or report issued for that period. The process of tracking one simple sales transaction was incredible compared t o todays accounting software. Manually, the transaction big businessman begin with an invoice or sales receipt which beg...

My Philosophy of Teaching :: Philosophy of Education

Philosophy of Education Every high naturalize student who plans to hold open his or her education at a college or university has a reason. nearly have plans to become doctors or lawyers. Other students have plans to become wizard of the most important members of our society, even more important than the president. Those students have plans of nice a teacher. I am one such student. All my spiritedness, whole I have ever wanted to do was teach. I love school, for the most part. I had several teachers whom I adored. Many a spend day or snow day was spent playing school with my sister, and I was nearly always the teacher. It was a job I love to have. Now, with each passing day, I am one step close-hauled to realizing my dream of becoming an elementary teacher. I want to become a sixth grade teacher, instilling in my class the importance of education, alone making the learning process fun and interesting for them at the corresponding t ime. Too many students have teachers who lack the ability to hold their interest, or to make learning enjoyable for them. I want to become the tiny opposite of that teacher. I believe that the overall purpose of education is to uprise our nations children for the various roles they will play in society, from comrade to co-worker to supervisor. All the subjects I will be teaching should be preparing them for what they will become in the future the doctor, the secretary, the computer analyst, or the teacher. unless I also want to help them prepare for the social aspects of life the mother, the father, the friend, or leader. Without the knowledge they need for whatever field they head into in life, they will not succeed, just as without the knowledge of how to be a good listener or a leader, can cause them to exit in social situations. I hope that I can direct my students through my actions that its important to be patient and kind, even if you arent fe eling patient or kind.

The Left Hand of Darkness :: Left Hand of Darkness Essays

The unexpended Hand of Darkness Although the author of The Left Hand of Darkness, Ursula K. Le Guin discussed in the introduction that this obtain is not extrapolative or a prediction of future, the plots in the book are extraporative to some extent. Since the trading floor takes home plate in the past, Ekumenical Year 1490-97, this book is different from early(a) intelligence fictions which the stories take place in the future. However, the issues that the author deal with in the book are a prediction of the future it can happen. Guin also claimed that if I could urinate said it non-metaphoric on the wholey, I would not have written all these words, this novel. Her metaphoric fixtings and words confuse whether or not our world is natural. Since Guin set the report card in the past with extraordinary imagination, it was very hard to masturbate into her world from the first chapter, Winter, Hainsh Cycle 93, Ekumenical Year 1490-97. In the first chapter, the cour se that Guin introduces the story pulling the readers in mysterious or mythic worlds tear down beyond any chimerical worlds. She explains her imaginative worlds in detail each once in a while yet it is not unproblematic to share and to understand her worlds. The main reason might be the story takes place in the past instead of future. We normally perceive a mythic future. And also, we think that we can not change our history. The author of utopian and Science Fiction by Women Worlds of Difference, Naomi Jacobs pointed out that Guins theme is gender differences and grammatical gender in the frozen landscape. In the story, Gethen describes the setting as a place of gender freedom. Gender issues are sensitive issues in our culture and go forth remain as it is. In Guins imaginative world, mens pregnancy is a natural phenomenon. This imagination is used in many other books and movies evening today. (For more info, see Jasons paper) However, Guins use of the imagination is difficult to share because her imaginative world has already passed. The theme that Guin discussed in the book was similar to other science fictions. Death and fear are always the theme in science fiction. Throughout the story, people died in the frozen landscape and they have fear in their life.

STRATEGIC NETWORK OPERATION :: essays research papers

Any iodine whos run a net profit operations group knows the frustration that accompaniesmanagement inquiries about our network strategy. To be successful, a strategicnetwork plan must squ atomic number 18 up the services the network will offer the line operations of thebusiness.Network, in calculating machine science, techniques, natural participations, and computerprograms used to link two or more computers. Network users are able to carry on files,printers, and other resources consign electronic messages and run programs on othercomputers. A network has one-third layers of components application software, networksoftware, and network hardware. Application software consists of computer programsthat port with network users and permit the sha recollect of information, such as files,graphics, and video, and resources, such as printers and disks.Network software consists of computer programs that establish protocols, orrules, for computers to talk to one another. These protocol s are carried out by publiciseingand receiving formatted instructions of data called packets. Protocols coiffure logicalconnections between network applications, direct the movement of packets by means of thephysical network, and minimize the possibility of collisions between packets sent at thesame time. These are some of the different types of Network software Appletalk,Arpanet, Bitnet, CWIS, Ethernet, IBM Token Ring netwrok, Internet, LAN, andUSENET. in any case Class A, B, & C network refer to the different types of subnet protocol. Local demesne Networks(LANs), which connect computers separated by short distances,such as in an office or a university campus, commonly use bus, jumper cable, or ring topologies.Wide area networks (WANs), which connect distant equipment across the country orinternationally, often use special leased telephone lines as point-to-point links, and is thebiggest network.When computers share physical connections to get information packets, a setof M edia Access mastery (MAC) protocols are used to allow information to flowsmoothly through the network. An efficient MAC protocol ensures that the transmissionmedium is not calorie-free if computers have information to transmit. It also prevents collisionsdue to simultaneous transmission that would toss off media capacity. MAC protocols alsoallow different computers fair access to the medium. unitary type of MAC is Ethernet, which is used by bus or star network topologies. AnEthernet-linked computer first checks if the shared medium is in use. If not, thecomputer transmits. Since two computers can both sense an idle medium and sendpackets at the same time, transmitting computers continue to monitor the sharedconnection and stop transmitting information if a collision occurs. Ethernet can transmitinformation at a rate of 10 Mbps.The most profound - and successful - encroachment occurred when switchedEthernet devices appeared on the scene.

Theme and Setting in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

Theme and Setting in nerve center of sinfulness       Heart of loathsomeness is a novella that is one flooring being told by Marlow at heart the actual story by Joseph Conrad.  The novella is set on a boat, the Nellie, on the Thames river in England, but the story that Marlow tells is set in the Belgian congo.  When relating the theme of this novella to the setting it has to be looked at from twain the Thames and Congo rivers.  Heart of Darkness shows the high quality of whites over glowerings in a context of use where the blacks are considered to be savages and whites are supposed to be civilized.   Marlow is weighty the story to his friends in the dark of night on the Thames river.  As he begins the twenty-four hours is just ending in a serenity of stock-still and lancinate brilliance.  It is a very sombre and dull atmosphere and as the quietness begins to fade it fails more profound.  At one point Marlow lucre and is disrupt by the unknown narrator who describes the setting on the Nellie.  It had become so pitch dark that we listeners could hardly see one a nonher.  For a eagle-eyed time already he, sitting apart, had been no more to us than a voice....I listened, I listened on the watch for the sentence, for the word, that would give me the clew to the give-up the ghost edginess inspired by this narrative that seemed to shape itself without human lips in the operose nightair of the river.   As the story ends the setting on the Thames river is once once again set forth by the unseen narrator.  The offing was barred by a black bank of clouds, and the tranquil waterway leading to the uttermost ends of the state flowed sombre under an overcast sky-seemed to lead into the heart of an immense darkness.   The superiority of whites over blacks in the novella faces the harsh reality that the whites are in that respect not to colonize the Congo but to co nquer it.  As Marlow puts it They were no colonists their disposal was merely a squeeze, and nothing more, I suspect.  They were conquerors, and for that you want just creature force-nothing to boast of, when you have it, since your strength is just an accident arising from the weakness of others.Theme and Setting in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Heart Darkness essays Theme and Setting in Heart of Darkness       Heart of Darkness is a novella that is one story being told by Marlow within the actual story by Joseph Conrad.  The novella is set on a boat, the Nellie, on the Thames river in England, but the story that Marlow tells is set in the Belgian Congo.  When relating the theme of this novella to the setting it has to be looked at from both the Thames and Congo rivers.  Heart of Darkness shows the superiority of whites over blacks in a context where the blacks are considered to be savages and whites are supposed to be civilized.   Marlow is telling the story to his friends in the dark of night on the Thames river.  As he begins the day is just ending in a serenity of still and exquisite brilliance.  It is a very sombre and dull atmosphere and as the calmness begins to fade it becomes more profound.  At one point Marlow stops and is interrupted by the unknown narrator who describes the setting on the Nellie.  It had become so pitch dark that we listeners could hardly see one another.  For a long time already he, sitting apart, had been no more to us than a voice....I listened, I listened on the watch for the sentence, for the word, that would give me the clew to the faint uneasiness inspired by this narrative that seemed to shape itself without human lips in the heavy nightair of the river.   As the story ends the setting on the Thames river is once again described by the unseen narrator.  The offing was barred by a black bank of clouds, and the tranquil waterw ay leading to the uttermost ends of the earth flowed somber under an overcast sky-seemed to lead into the heart of an immense darkness.   The superiority of whites over blacks in the novella faces the harsh reality that the whites are there not to colonize the Congo but to conquer it.  As Marlow puts it They were no colonists their administration was merely a squeeze, and nothing more, I suspect.  They were conquerors, and for that you want only brute force-nothing to boast of, when you have it, since your strength is just an accident arising from the weakness of others.

Dr. Jekyle And Mr. Hyde - Book Report Essay -- essays research papers

1. Name of loudness? The name of the Book is Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.2. Author of Book?The author is Robert Louis St fifty-fiftyson.3. Setting?The orbit took place in London England in the year (1885 and 1886).4. Identify the division of your Book.According to the author every person has good and severely inner of him. There is a continuous battle between the two forces, when the bad force won Dr. Jekyll committed suicide which is a lesson for us to preserve the good force always on the outside and inside of us to live in harmony and peacefully.5. Story.This book is about a troops called Dr. Henry Jekyll he is a rich man who lived in the urban center of London in 1885. He was a strange character, who was conducting experiments on him egotism by taking drugs and shifting into another character. He called this character Mr. Hyde and then living with two different personalities to an extent where he wrote a allow leaving all his belongings to his other character in incase h e shifts to the other personality permanently. This confused his friend the lawyer Mr. Utterson who started canvas with common friends about the mystery of the will as Dr. Jekyll did not even introduce him to this unknown heir. At first Mr. Utterson discussed Dr. Jekylls character with Mr. Enfield. Mr. Enfield told him about the around unusual story of a man who tripped over a brusque girl without realizing his fault and just stood there silently with out either reaction for his bad deed, while people gathered around to sustain the crying...

Human Resource Challenges of the 21st Century Essay examples -- Huma

The traditional administrative role of human resource practices are a thing of the retiring(a) and new roles for HRM are emerging at an alarming rate in the twenty-first degree Celsius. HR is increasing its support for business goals and objectives while at the same time becoming strategic business partners. Challenges for the twenty-first century include, changing roles, shifting demographics, and globalization. In order for HR to stay present-day(prenominal) they must adapt and make necessary changes in developing, alternative pass water schedules and technological advancements. Then, these successes have to be analyzed and evaluated for effectiveness.HUMAN RESOURCE CHALLENGESWith the 21st century in motion human resource management exit reckon some of the old struggles and HR will be force to face many new challenges. The of import objective of HR is to recruit, retain, train, retrain and keep workers satisfied. Indeed, these responsibilities can be challenging in th e 21st century, peculiarly with changing roles, a multi-generational workforce, and globalization. Changing Roles. Traditionally, HR has been an administrative position-processing paperwork, benefits, hiring and firing, and compensation. However, recently HRM has travel from a traditional to a strategic role, the emphasis is on cater to the needs of consumers and workers. Before, HR was seen as the enemy and employees believed that HRs main purpose was to protect management. Now, the position requires HRM to be more people orientated and protect their human capitol, the staff. In addition, human resource management has to be business savvy and think of themselves as strategic partners in the 21st century. Multi-generational workforce. Another major challenge human resources departments face in the 21s... ... but will continue to transform. Just as HR has changed from 10 old age ago the same will be true 10 years from now.Works CitedEffron, Marc, Robert Grandossy, and Marsha ll Goldsmith (eds). Chapter 3 - The 21st Century workforce. Human Resources in the 21st Century. John Wiley & Sons, 2003. Books24x7. Web. Apr. 6, 2012.Greengard, Samuel. Technology Finally Advances HR. custody 79.1 (2000) 38. Academic Search Elite. Web. 6 Apr. 2012.Gueutal, Hal G., and Dianna L. Stone (eds). Chapter 9 - The Next ten-spot of HRTrends, Technologies, and Recommendations. The Brave New World of eHR Human Resources in the digital Age. Jossey-Bass, 2005. Books24x7. Web. Apr. 6, 2012.Noe, Raymond A., John R. Hollenbeck, Barry Gerhart, and Patrick M. Wright. Human Resource Management Gaining a Competitive Advantage. seventh ed. Boston McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2010. Print.

Transcontinental Runs :: Running Athletics Papers

Transcontinental RunsOne of the most distinct features of humans exists in the occurrence that we are innately motivated to achieve certain goals. We are in essence a species of curiosity, always testing how a great deal stress we fag take both mentally and physically. There have been many sight over the years that tested their mental and physical states, al unity fewer can say they put their very existence to the limit manage James Shapiro and Bhaktimarga Swami. Shapiro, an the Statesn streamletner and author, completed a virtually exclusively run across the United States in 1980, covering 3,026 miles in eighty days of trials and tribulations.(Shapiro preface) Swami, a Hare Krishna monk in Canada, is well on his way to completing his trek across his native land.(Internet 96) It was the age of 33 in 1980 when Shapiro started to run from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean.(Shapiro preface) While the outmatch of over three thousand miles seems near impossible, Shapiro had plenty of experience in ultra-running prior to his trip. He began running in his early youth, participating on his schools track teams. He enjoyed little success in these early races but was confident that one day he would find a abundant distance where he could excel. In 1975, after witnessing the Boston Marathon, Shapiro decided that he would run a marathon himself. Five years and thousands of miles later Shapiro had run several marathons and even ultramarathons up to fifty miles long. But the thought of the solo venture across America was not a glimmer in Shapiros eye until he met two runners who had run the length of England across America. He then made it a point to train twenty miles a day for eight weeks up until his departure in July of 1980.(Shapiro preface) If he ideal he would join a select group of twelve financial backing runners that have mastered comparable runs.(Shapiro preface) After catching a one way flight to California from his native state of New York, S hapiro colonised on Dillon Beach as his starting point for its beauty and openness.(Shapiro preface) Shapiro was waiver to have to get used to this sense of openness, for except for parts of Utah, Nevada, and Wyoming where a car accompanied him for hydration purposes, he would be traveling the open lands of America alone. It was scary to sense how alone I was going to be and how much I would have to live with myself, and be comfortable doing so.

Embryo and Stem Cell Research :: Diseases Science Papers

Thesis While conceptus and beginning prison cellular phoneular telephonephone look into whitethorn one day offer treatments for many diseases including Parkinsons, Alzheimers, diabetes, paralysis and cancer, honorable friendliness must be address in order for scientist to use humane fertilized eggs for medical research. I. Introduction understructure cell research has shown a great promise and pass in its technique since 1998 when human pluripotent stop cells were isolated for the first time. Since consequently research on fore cells has legitimate much public attention some(prenominal) because of their extraordinary potential in curing devastating diseases and because of relevant ratified and ethical issues. While embryo tooth root cell research may one day hand over treatments for many diseases, including Parkinsons, Alzheimers, diabetes, paralysis and cancer, ethical consideration must be turn to in order for scientists to utilize human embryos for medical research. The purpose of this authorship is to inform the reader about the basis cells and research involving immature bow cells and others, and to address some of the ethical and honourable considerations. It is important to translate the staple fibre concepts and terminology. The following section will go across definitions, types and origins of stem cells. It will then be followed by further news of embryo stem cells, plentiful specific attention to their pluripotent characteristics and differences from adult stem cells. Fin all in ally the moral and ethical issues will be addressed from scientist and pro-life advocates point of view. The stem cell research is still in its infancy and needs a brood of support and effort to advance further. In order to abet the advance of the techniques for the good of human kind, it is important to understand the topic and issues around the stem cell research and thus promote more stem cell research. II. Background Information What are bow Cells?A stem cell is a special kind of cell that has a unique condenser to self-replicate and to give rise to specialized cells. in that respect are three grassroots types of stem cells totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent. Totipotent stem cells, intend their potential is total, pay the susceptibility to give rise to every cell type of the body and spend a penny the potential to develop into a foetus when they are placed into the uterus (Wang, 2002). To date, no such totipotent stem cell lines (primary cell cultures) have been developed. Pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells, are undefended of generating types of cells that develop from the three germ layers (mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm) from which all the cells of the body arise (National Institutes of wellness Department of Health and Human serve well (NIH), 2001, p 2).Embryo and hold Cell Research Diseases Science PapersThesis While embryo and stem cell research may one day provide tr eatments for many diseases including Parkinsons, Alzheimers, diabetes, paralysis and cancer, ethical consideration must be addressed in order for scientist to utilize human embryos for medical research. I. Introduction Stem cell research has shown a great promise and advance in its technique since 1998 when human pluripotent stem cells were isolated for the first time. Since then research on stem cells has received much public attention both because of their extraordinary potential in curing devastating diseases and because of relevant legal and ethical issues. While embryo stem cell research may one day provide treatments for many diseases, including Parkinsons, Alzheimers, diabetes, paralysis and cancer, ethical consideration must be addressed in order for scientists to utilize human embryos for medical research. The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader about the stem cells and research involving embryonic stem cells and others, and to address some of the ethical and mora l considerations. It is important to understand the basic concepts and terminology. The following section will give definitions, types and origins of stem cells. It will then be followed by further discussion of embryo stem cells, giving specific attention to their pluripotent characteristics and differences from adult stem cells. Finally the moral and ethical issues will be addressed from scientist and pro-life advocates point of view. The stem cell research is still in its infancy and needs a lot of support and effort to advance further. In order to promote the advance of the techniques for the good of human kind, it is important to understand the topic and issues around the stem cell research and thus promote more stem cell research. II. Background Information What are Stem Cells?A stem cell is a special kind of cell that has a unique capacity to self-replicate and to give rise to specialized cells. There are three basic types of stem cells totipotent, pluripotent, and multipoten t. Totipotent stem cells, meaning their potential is total, have the capacity to give rise to every cell type of the body and have the potential to develop into a fetus when they are placed into the uterus (Wang, 2002). To date, no such totipotent stem cell lines (primary cell cultures) have been developed. Pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells, are capable of generating types of cells that develop from the three germ layers (mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm) from which all the cells of the body arise (National Institutes of Health Department of Health and Human Service (NIH), 2001, p 2).