Early western civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Early western civilization - Essay ExampleMoving northwest from the First Cataract, the Nile flows through a comparatively narrow valley. The lands a spacious the banks are characterized by a series of natural basins (called hods), which have been altered by human engineering for the last 7,000 eld. As one nears the Delta in the north, the floodplain widens and the basins become less distinct, until in the Delta itself the land is divided not into basins, but into islands and peninsulas formed by the alluvial deposits of soil over thousands of years. In very ancient times Lower Egypt began south of the Delta itself, including the broader floodplain from Memphis north.The most important historical-geographic feature of the Lower Nile, of course, is its annual flood, which following the summer rains in Ethiopia, bursts into Egypt in exalted and typically continues for two months, leaving both destruction and riches in its wake. The flood, although annual, is not uniform. When there is drought in the highlands to the south, the flood may be a comparative trickle. However, in years of abundant rainwater in the watershed, the flood can become a torrent, washing everything before it. It is now thought that primaeval populations, which ventured into the valley of the Nile below the First Cataract, were more concerned to build dikes to protect themselves and their herds against this possibility of a damaging flood than to irrigate crops (Atkins 32 Parker, 7-8).The fact that kine were important in early Egyptian record brings up another point about the environment in antiquity. In the earliest days of Egyptian development, there was no Sahara Desert. The lands that now form the Sahara enjoyed savanna, rather than desert environments. And as we have already seen, the Saharan peoples had been pioneers of cattle domestication. Until about 2300 BCE, that is well into Pharaonic times, the Lower Nile flowed through an area of rainfall, which supported thriving cattl e herding societies.Not only cattle raising, but also fishing and agriculture have a unyielding history in the Nile valley. The upper Nile, in what is now the country of Sudan, was one of the areas that developed fishing settlements during the long era of the African Aquatic Tradition. Since some of these Late Stone Age communities used grinding stones to outgrowth wild grains, which they harvested in the fertile alluvial plains, it seems likely that it was their descendants who became the first full time farmers in this part of Africa. Between 5000 BCE and 4000 BCE farming and cattle keeping replaced hunting and fishing as the main ship canal of life along the Nile. Of course, people continued to both hunt and fish, but they were becoming economically and socially dependent upon cattle raising and farming. Picture, if you can, what the Nile valley (of modern-day Egypt) must have been like in the 2,000 years between the early Neolithic and the beginning of the unified kingdom unde r the pharaoh Narmer/Menes in about 3,000 BCE. Had you traveled the region early in the period, your journey would have taken you along the higher ground of the valley, upcountry of the river itself, where encampments of cattle herders or small farming settlements would have hosted you. As you traveled the length of the area, both ethnic and linguistic differences would have been apparent, with life centering