Rationale - how women are treated in soap operas Essay Example for Free

Rationale how women argon treated in lash operas EssayI am going to be investigating into how women are treated in soap operas. The reason I lay down chosen to make out this study is collect to the fact that I think that women are given very stereotypical roles within soap operas and it is very hard for them to break out of those boundaries and those limited labels they have been given.The method I will take to reach my objective is to use the content analysis approach. This is a method I will adopt apply Meehans research. My aim is to compare how much or how less has changed within that goal of time. I hypothesise that in comparison to Meehans analysis of soap operas women are sleek over labelled in the same categories. From this method I should be able to reach to a conclusion as to whether my hypothesis is correct.The method of research I am going to use is content analysis of magazines, TV and newspaper. Content analysis involves the very careful quantification of t he content of the media messages. It is able to give a common impression about media content, which can be the basis of theoretical work or policy and programme development. Therefore the way I will carry out my research is by using Meehans study that was carried out in 1960s and 1970s on soap operas and how he categorised the women within the soaps into specific groups. I will carry out my research using a lot of primary resources.To investigate this concept I am going to tone at the model, which is similar to the hypodermic syringe model. I am also going to use the womens rightist approach to try to explain some of the reasons as to why in that location are so many stereotypical views within soap operas towards women. I am going to be looking at Fergusons feminist cult theory. This high-pitchedlights how there are many stereotypical views within the soap operas.ContextShe is seen in Meehans content analysis study of the rangeation of women in soap operas shows that in Americ an drama serials there are only 10 female character types that are presented, they are The Imp, a rebellious tomboy character. She is adventurous, not really sexual, often finds herself in trouble, she is the opposite of what society expects a women to be and the trouble she gets into is often a result of this. The Goodwife, she is domestic, attractive, home-centred and content. She does not wish to become complex with the world outside the home, leaving this to her lovely husband. The Harpy, is an aggressive single woman. She is powerful, even overpowering and not afraid to take on or chase afterward men.The Bitch, is a sneak and a cheat. She is manipulative, dangerous and deceitful. She lacks the power to be a real villain (invariably male) and she causes real trouble for the forces of good. The Victim, is the passive female who suffers accident, affection or violence, depending in the type of show or it could be to domestic violence. The Decoy, she is a heroine disguised as a victim. Apparently helpless and dependent, shes actually industrial-strength and resourceful. She is quite likely to be mistreated, hurt or captured, but she is capable of overcoming her difficulties.The Siren, is a woman who uses her sexuality to lure her victim to a sticky end. The Courtesan, is close to being a prostitute and perhaps has been one. The Witch, has extraordinary power despite this she is invariably dominated by a man and is persuaded often reluctantly to crucify her powers or use it for his aims. The Matriarch, prestige and authority. a positive light despite the fact that she is too old to be sexually attractive. Her status is almost of that of a hero.This study shows that women are portrayed as neater good or deplorable, never a combination. It also shows that good women are portrayed as submissive, sensitive and domesticated. naughtily women are portrayed as rebellious, independent and selfish. Male evil characters are always counterbalanced by good ones, t his is not so with female evil characters. The number of occupations which women are portrayed as holding is limited to a few, primarily housewife, receptionist and whore, male roles are also few in number compared to reality, but are more exciting, such as doctor, spies, detective and astronaut.While studies such as Meehans, could be criticised for being dated and referring to the series of the 1960s and 70s. The content recycle of such series on satellite and cable channels means that they are still relevant. Moreover, many of the point she makes are relevant even in more recent television. The number of women portrayed in the media depends very much on the medium concerned and the genre type. Soap operas have relatively high proportion of women, though they are still outnumbered by as much of 7 men to 3 women in some types of soap opera. In advertisements, there are three all male ads to every one all female ads.A study conducted by Beuf (1974) was based on 63 interviews with boy s and girls among the ages of three and six. Some girls had abandoned their ambitions even by this early age. Several girls mentioned that their ambitions could not be realised because of their sex. The implication is that because of the small number of high-status female models in the media available for girls to model themselves on, the ambitions of real women are limited. The power of the media in this respect is thought to be very strong.This is not surprising as the Average American girl will have played out more time in front of the TV by the time she is 15 than she will have spent in the classroom. Beuf also argues that women suffer anxiety and stress due to this and because advertising and soap operas create concerns in women particularly about their body image, the constant motivation to spend money on products to make them more attractive and desirable for males and also the competition with other women to fight and keep their man.Liberal feminists argue that individuals are trained by the mass media and other genial institutions into patterns of behaviour which are performed unconsciously. Sex-roles in particular, have been built up over a long period of time and have become embedded in our culture.Radical feminists identify men as the enemy. They believe that men consciously and unconsciously manipulate social institutions for their own benefit and to the detriment of women. Men hold the dominant positions throughout the media and are able to use them to reflect the images of women which they desire.According to socialist feminists the role of the media is to catch and perpetuate the capitalist system and the supporting role of women in it. Davies says that those who control the media are almost all rich men, there is every incentive for them to present the capitalist, patriarchal scheme of things as the most attractive system available and to convince the less privileged that the oppression and limitations of their lives are inevitable.Accordi ng to Skirrow, for example impression games are particularly unattractive to women, as they are part of a technology which is identified as male power, and they are about mastering a specifically male anxiety in a specific male way.

Computer Uses Essay Example for Free

Computer Uses EssayTodays technology has changed the view of world. Among them computers are one(a) of the best creations of the technology. Computers are the best closer look of new eras technology. Computers are very useful in our routine life as a source of entertainment, as a medium of education and as a one appearance of business.First, Computers play a role of entertainer in our life. We mass play a game on the computer. We piece of tail also download and upload games from the internet or from the game DVD. We can also enjoy practice of medicine and movies too. For example, If you want to see movies, you can see it online through internet or you can see movie on DVD. Same way, if you like to listen music, you can upload songs from the CD or you get songs from online from the particular music sites. There are so many an(prenominal) sites available on the internet like youtube.com, idiot boxshare.com for the movies and video songs. This way we can get relaxation by us ing computers.Second is as a source of an education. Computers are the best companion for the students. Computer has many kind of services which can be helpful for the students for instance microsoft word, indicator point, HTML, java, etc. We can use microsoft word for writing purpose, we can use power point to make slide shows. Moreover, there are so many study sites available for online tutoring. It is really a very easy and cheap way for the study. You can find your any type of study related question to study online. In short, computers make study easy and interesting.Last but non least use of computer is as a medium of e-commerce. Today in our busy world people avoid to waste time for their shopping. outright a day consumers like to buy and sell their stuff online. Best example of online shopping is e-bay. On this particular site you get all infallible things like books, electric and electronic items, clothes etc. Moreover from e-bay, you can sell stuff too. I particularly l ove this site.

Fedex Essay Example for Free

Fedex EssayIf you were the HR Head of a major competitor of FedEx a) contestation down the 3 HR practices which you would emulate of FedEx. Explain reasons for the same. Ans) * Leadership Evaluation And Awareness Process ( leaping) This policy gave FedExs Non-Managerial Employees an opportunity to seek Managerial Positions. LEAP created the chance for Non Management Employees to try out their Managerial Skills. LEAP helped Employees of FedEx check whether they were capable of managing Organizations or not.It also gave a chance to FedEx to check out the leading and managerial skills of its internal Employees. * Guaranteed Fair Employee number (GFTP ) Via People Service-Profit (PSP) Philosophy One of the major HR practices which made FedEx a success story was the Guaranteed Fair Employee Procedure where all type of Employee Grievances were interpreted care of. The philosophy of People-Service-Profit where Employees were kept before the companys profit making motives lead to much motivated employees ,leading to more profits in the long run .It was believed that the great unwashed before profits were would lead to more efficient work on behalf of the employees to the customers , thus strengthening the marker image of FedEx. * Succession Planning Executive Education (SPEED) The SPEED program introduced at FedEx were done mainly to give feedback to the high level employees reporting straight off to the CEO or to the top management of FedEx. Feedback was given periodically n order to rate the skills and promotability of the people who were likely to replace them in the near future. much(prenominal) Employees were suggested which areas they needed to work on to improve their skills for their new positions some years down the line. b) If you had to attract top Talent from Fedex, what would be your strategy for this, assuming remuneration and role were not the key factors for attracting talent from Fedex? Develop your response based on the case study (id entifying areas where Fedex may not be as good) and province your assumptions, if any. Ans) To lure top Talent from FedEx, we can go in for the following strategies * Fringe Benefits * Perks * Job Enlargement And Enrichment More Exciting Job Opportunities Q2. Based on the industry FedEx is in and on the nature of its business, list down 1 or 2 competencies which you think are core to the organization (across functions and levels) and which are indwelling for employees to possess in order for the organization to succeed. Justify your answer suitably Ans) * enlisting Focusing on Entrepreneurship The recruitment style followed by FedEx is to hire people who have a mind for new Entrepreneurial ventures. They have to be creative in nature and have the ability to think out of the box.This Recruitment strategy has worked well for FedEx. * Employee Centricity and Retention FedEx Core Competency lies in the fact that all the Employees are treated equally and every grievance are taken c are of. No stone is left unturned to see to it that all problems faced by employees are always addressed to before the company objectives. Q3. What do you think would be the top 5 measures the CEO of FedEx would want his HR Head to measure and report on an ongoing basis.

Special Effects

fussy ca custom peculiar(a) Effects move be defined as a science and an art, which studies and applies the tools to fool military personnel audio- opthalmic sensory system, which perceive the razets around us. Special hearts focuses on making the un unfeigned look alike real, or creating a non-existing event through a systematic approach. drift strike and telly industry dumbfound undergone a lot of vigorous development stages during the past few decades. Out of them Special Effects and Visual effect are to name a few. But the impact of finicky effect in both areas is tremendous and outstanding. They played a actually crucial role in making these two entertainment mediums much popular and am using than the others. The very(prenominal) recent term, -Virtual Reality was first introduced in Motion picture, when they portrayed panoramas and characters which are impossible to exist in the real world. For example the Gorilla in the photograph King Kong, and the robot transf orming to a human organism in the Terminator 1st part and so forth They were very amusing at the time of these movies. Normal people could not imagine a scene where a Gorilla and a Dinosaur fighting. The first ever movement was Steven Spielbergs Jurassic Park, in which hundreds of Dinosaurs were made artificially and animated.There are various arguments and concepts about the modified do in the movement picture and video recording industry. As a source for my thesis, I arrive at studied various journals, magazines and books. The Journal called whippy Cinema, raises few questions about the special effects and its application in the cinema and television. The recent developments in cinema show that the industry is not going to delay down in terms of special effects and virtual reality. The amount of special effects we use in the cinema today is increasing day-to-day and becoming more and more complex in nature. Whether these developments are economically affordable? Are they going to help the industry in a haughty way? Can they still contribute to the society in a good way as how the classic moving-picture shows did? These are the questions raise by the movie buffs and the movie lovers. But, as the technology and the science grow bigger, their responsibility to struggleds the society besides gets bigger. After all cinema and television is an entertainment medium, the questions which are raised above be start out less relevant. Cinemas primary objective is to entertain its audience. They few times amuse people in different ways. Special effects are considered to be the tool for creating this amusement.The literatures which I watch gone through clearly state the different stages and the development phases of Special effects/Special Effects (VFX/SFX). They also discuss how the invention and the rapid development of Special effects changed the face of the cinema and television. The way cinema and television chopines were developed and created have be en changed by the invention and implementation of SFX. SFX has actually helped them to produce the -real effect in the cinema. My study about the Special effects not however investigates the origin, development and the future of special effects, but also, its implementation in the industry and the software use in the production and development.Special effects have always helped the claim and television industry to achieve what they have always desired for. They were in fact the cutting edge tool for perfection. They have helped the film makers to portray the future reality. We can now rule what the future holds for the Special Effects. SFX has been through vigorous development for more than 60 historic period now. Its history is written in golden scripts. SFX acts as tool to bridge the present and the future reality in film making. SFX has changed the movies vision of making reality even more powerful. SFX has been successfully implemented in Science-Fiction cinemas. Their scop e not only involves Sci-Fi movies but every areas of film production. Even the most normal and common movie or a television program we watch today involves a great mint of SFX implementation. Not every scene can be shot in real and SFX comes handy in these sorts of situations.There are two key concepts in SFX. One is Visual effect and the later one is physiologic Effect. Visual effects are -any visual employment of motion picture frames, whether accomplished in tv cameras, projectors, optical printers, aerial image printers, front and rear screen systems (Smith, 1986, p. 270). On the other hand Physical effects can be defined as -mechanical effects or practical effects that take place on the set during filming, such as explosions, wire tricks, bullet hits, etc. (p. 264). Apart from these in that respect is one more term which is very commonly used in order to indicate the -cinematic-illusion-of-reality, which is -reality effect These are created by visual effects.The effect of V isual effect on the audients is different. They actually artificially produce events which are impossible in reality. The possibilities are even more. The point is that, they are very successful in convincing the audience about what they are perceiveing. Special effects involve more expertise and skills than the corporeal effects like a car explosion or a train derailment, which are actually shot in a protected physiologic space. On the other hand the visual effects create something that never happened in the actual world, like the auto bots transforming in to automobiles, or the massive war in the movie -Lord of the rings, which portrays more than a million artificial soldiers with out even leaving an animation feel in the audients mind.Visual effects in the early ages, for example, Superman (1978) has used a mixture of both physical and visual effects, they have used pre-filmed backgrounds with live proceeding. However, in todays world, visual effects can not only produce non existent illusions but also deepen the real-life-scenes. They help the film makers to reproduce or enhance the movie or a project with more detail. For example the latest version of Adobe After Effects and Adobe Premier Pro come with a lot of goodies in it like motion tracking and 3d layer change etc.(www.adobe.com)Computer graphics in motion film and television is becoming more and more complex day by day. -Looking at effects films over the past few years, one could say that visual effects are following a kind of Moores Law, doubling in quality and quantity nearly every year. (Phil LoPiccolo (Editor-in-Chief), Computer Graphics World, January 2005, in the chromatography column note) What we see in the screen will catch outdated in the next day when next movie come out. A great make of enthusiasm and skill is required to do the special effects in the way the director and the author visualize it in their mind. As Phil LoPiccolo states, SFX is following the Moores law. The compl exity and techniques keep doubling every day. The movie Lord of the Rings for example, casts nearly 70000 animated soldiers in a battle in the first part. The complexity and the number of effects has quadrupled by the third part in which they portrayed nearly 225000 animated characters and more than 1800 effects featured.Computer graphics and 3D vision has reach more common and complex and also helped the movie to produce more popular. The invention and the implementation of 3D imagery have revolutionized the Special effects and the movie industry. These days, movies with out special effects are very less and are considered odd. They are fuelling mechanism for commercial cinema. As we all know, not every scene is practically possible to shoot live, even in controlled environments. Special effects come handy in such cases. After the 1980s, digital imaging and special effects have started revolving around three major area, they are digital characters, digital world and digital eve nts.Technical experts in the early years had predicted that the technological advancement in the motion picture will replace the use of photographic techniques and the use of film eventually, but as of now, their enthusiasm seems very immature and inappropriate.History of Special EffectsThere are various methods to create a special effect. They can be generated through animation, miniatures or flat shots. Cartoons are a very good example of animations, they can either be computer generated or shot by a stop motion camera. The -illusions-of-reality in the early stages were generated by using paintings, miniatures, and false back grounds. Miniatures are used everywhere. Whether it is a small scale production or a tremendous scale one, they are a very important factor of special effects. In early ages of special effects, film makers used live action unite with a false background or another play-back-scenery, which is done by another rear-projector. This technique is called -rear proj ection. But as the era of colour film began, these systems showed instability in terms of the light and shadows, they were difficult to achieve in the alike(p) amount. So the system called -front projection was implemented, where the camera is placed in the same place as the projector is placed.Then came the technique of fast and slow motion. These effects are achieved by adjusting the frames per second aspect of the film shot. Normally a film is shot in 24 frames per second, anything grater than this will slow down the motion in the screen and vice versa. We can clearly see that these above mentioned techniques are achieved by manual operation, in other words they are camera techniques.Computer aided film development and special effects were invented in a later stage. The combination of both computer and the film technology has given the film makers the advantage of -illusion-of-reality. They could easily manipulate and enhance the movie by using computer technology. A new era of sci-fi movie has begun with the invention of this technology. The technology brought them the ability to create physically impossible events in the silver screen and in the television.Graphics and animation can be easily created with the help of a computer. These computer generated graphics are then combined with live footage with the technique called -Analogue forecast Synthesis. Film is once scanned and exported to computer graphics, they are then manipulated by graphics and motion authoring software like After effects, combustion, 3DS Max, Maya etc, also they can acknowledge more animated and non animated objects in this computer generated film. Once the editing and compositing is completed, they are then exported to film again.Another process include in the digital manipulation include -Digital Compositing. It is used to render the non-live objects into the film like dragons, fire etc. They uses miniatures and then capture its movements and converts them into actual movements in a computer software. such innovations have fuelled the computer aided special effects in motion pictures.George Mles, a Parisian magician is known as the craftsman of some techniques in special effects until the date. Many of his techniques are still use such as motion stop camera, substitution shot, double exposure etc. He has also agreed that some of these techniques are accidentally happened. For example, the substitution technique has happened when he was shooting a moving mob. He stop the camera for some time and restarted it from the last point. When he projected the final film, he was astonished to see that people disappearing from the screen. Later he used this technique in many films. This incident is considered as the first special effect ever.During the early years, films were only few minutes long, especially in amid 1890 and 1910. They were 10 to 15 minutes long. They included simple common scenes like people moving or a market place, a town centre, a train stat ion etc. Audients only wanted to see the moving pictures at that time they were very much satisfied with the idea. Sooner movie makers started sexual relation stories. These stories included real characters and film sets etc. During the First World War, they started making feature length movies (90 minutes long), which is forefather of todays motion picture.A movie called -The Great Train Robbery which came out in 1903 directed by Edwin Porter. The movie used a matte painting effect in order to make the train passing cast through a windowpane. They shot the train passing in the first sequence and they rewind it and recast the window matte. Everything was blacked out except the window. When the final film was projected people could see the train trough the window. This effect is verbalise to be the first ever special effect using matte. As the time passed by special effects become more complex and they started creating more and more realistic as the audients become more sophisticat ed. Since the 1926, the special effects were called as trick shots. During the 1920s European Film studios have started equipping special departments for special effects. Special effects had become a very important element of any motion picture by that time. As the time passed by and the audients have become more sophisticated, it had become almost impossible for film makers to fool audients with the normal techniques therefore they had to come up with more ideas. Then they invented the technique of the travel matte.In the middle of the twentieth century, with the invention of digital techniques and computer technologies, special effects have become more sophisticate and powerful. It has reached a level that even the whole movie could be produced with out any exterior exposure or shooting. This era of movies contains more than thousands of special effects and shots in a single movie.Special effects have a rich and a vast history which is dated to the early 17th century, where magici ans have become a part of the society. They used to use many techniques to fool the public they used to do optical illusions to entertain their audients. Their techniques are said to be the base of special effects. One of the earliest effects is said to be the -summoning of the dead, where the magicians used the semitransparent sheets of historic people to project a ghostly type of motion. The equipments which they used to do this optical illusion have become very famous in the late 1970s. The first motion picture ever was made in 1985, well(p) have become a part of the movie only by and by 32 years. Motion picture had to travel through a lot of revolutionary changes until it reached midst of the 20th century, only then special effects have found its way to the movies and television.In 1896, Robert W. Paul has developed a commercial film projector with Thomas Edisons Kinetoscope. He has built Europes first film studio with all the necessary equipments like Dolly track and trap doo rs etc and produced his first motion film with few special effects in 1905.20th century has seen many of the revolutionary developments in the special effects world. With the computers involved in the editing and the manipulation a new era has begun for the motion pictures and television. They could create virtually anything with the help of computers let it be a building or people, or even a sequence of actions or events. Special effects have finally found its extreme heights with the help of computers.Digital TechnologyThe computer aided designing, sound editing and authoring, special effects etc have revolutionized the motion film industry in the late 1990s. One of such movies which have implemented the extensive use of computer technology ever is Forrest Gump (1994), which cast an actor whose legs are blown off in a battle. They used the computer technology to erase his legs by and by the footage was shot. This movie is said to be the first movie which has successfully combined both the blue screen technique and computer graphics.Role of Software in Special EffectsSoftware like Maya, Adobe after effects, Avid and 3DS Max etc have revolutionized the special effects galore in movies and television industry. They helped special effects creators to create, manipulate and animate the 3D models and create virtual scenes to create the virtual reality. Software like After effects and Combustion Studio have helped the creators to modify and blend the shots with the virtually created scenes, while maya and 3DS max stood for creating the backgrounds and miniature models and giving them the 3D aspect. These softwares being the industrial standard for special effects and 3D authoring, there are many more tools emerging day by day. As a successor to all these visual editing and creation tools, sound editing and authoring has also become a part of industry and also a part of the special effects. They could be both combined and used together in a successful way. Now, liv e-shots and editing could be done side-by-side using adobe after effects and such tools using the new timeline feature which they provide.ObjectiveAs an MSc student, my objectives are to narrate the history and the development of Special effects and stating its influences, motivations and advancements in different stages of its development. Also, identify the current scenarios and predict the futuristic developments and depict some of the techniques used in todays world. The software which I mainly use to depict the techniques in this dissertation are 3DS Max and Adobe after effects. I use 3DS max for creating 3d objects and giving them movements and creating the environment.SPECIAL EFFECTS IN TELEVISIONFor most of the part, television is not considered as real, all that we could see fit in that tiny little box. It is a small little world what we see and the audients believe it. Televisions simulate the ideas they do not shoot real events like the motion picture. In fact they can ma nipulate them to real-like events because the frame is very small. Being so unreal, television also will have to deal with the real world as well. It can be said as the combination of both real and unreal.CREATING SPECIAL EFFECTSThe visual effects which we see today are mostly generated from a combination of both modern and traditional methods. Getting the right effect on the right time requires more planning and organizing. Visual effects peoples job starts right before the actual production of the movie or a TV commercial. They have to plan things and shots. They also discuss the possibilities and the credibility of the particular shot and the special effect to be used. The techniques range from reproduction of sequences to compositing multiple frames and creating miniature digital models and motion tracking the machines etc. There are certain problems though, creating special effects with the moving camera is not an easy task, it is unless we use a locked off camera, but once the camera starts moving, the special effect crew will have to track the camera movements too, and then only they could actually recreate or manipulate the specific action or the event. Such problems and obstacles should be discussed prior to the production of the film or the feature.

Waiting For Godot Essay | Analysis of Waiting for Godot

postp wholenessment For Godot Essay Analysis of wait for GodotIt is tempting to view Samuel Becketts waiting for Godot as a escape of nonhingness, with no value or meaning that that of deuce men waiting for something or someone to arrive. However, the society that the two protagonist characters portray underneath the humour and bleakness of Becketts two part tragi-comedy, clearly offers us something elevating amongst the emptiness of the bleak world that the characters are staged inwardly. As the play progresses and we begin to learn about these two characters lives, it conk outs clear that they helping a companionship, caring deeply for one an different and in many slipway a need for apiece other in order to survive the hostile place in which they are living in.From the very start of the play we give out aware of the companionship of Vladimir and estragon. As the play opens we witness Estragon sitting alone upon a rock, trying to remove his boot and repeatedly failing to do so. As Vladimir enters and replies to Estragons spoken thoughts, as if he had been present totally a capacious, we tell their friendship for the first time. We are aware that the two characters earn been separated overnight, yet at this early point within the play we are unaware as to how they know each other and most importantly how long they suck known each other. Now that Vladimir is present Estragons shoe slips off with effortlessness, almost as if to say that he can non remove it without the company of Vladimir. The ease in which they are reunited gives us, as an audience, an insight, and allows us to become aware of the fact that we are not witnessing two strangers on stage, we are witnessing two friends. This opening is proceed as Vladimir states to Estragon Im glad to jibe you back. I thought you were gone forever. (Beckett, 200611) This direct cable television implies that by Estragon leaving it would create a sensory faculty of sorrowfulness for Vladimir, a nd the word glad reinforces any doubts that the audience pass at this point as to whether or not they share a companionship in one another.In the Royal Court Theatre revival of 1964, Anthony page staged Godot with Becketts presence. Page states that Beckett forever implied that Godot is very much about births between human beings. (McMillan,199085) Beckett continued to express to Page that moments of the play should be a tender moment of complete understanding between the two characters. (McMillan, 199085) And at an instant this do the line work. It is clear from this that Beckett meant for the two characters to share a relationship with one another and when one of the actors decides to set up a hierarchy for the two characters, the force between them becomes unbalanced. When Bert Lahr in the American production insisted that he was top banana and warned Tom Ewell as Vladimir Dont crowd me the balance of the play was disturbed. (McMillan, 199062) This implies that they need one a nother in order for the play to work that the companionship they portray seeks to be a poignant theme and that altering this in anyway will upset the dynamics of the duo.David Smith for The Observer says of the play, ( postponement for Godot) reveals humanitys talents for stoicism, companionship and keeping going. (Smith, 2009) The pair seem to mirror the society of modern day and it is important to remember their loneliness, their continuous waiting for Godot and I let on myself-importance asking whether this has resulted in their strong attachment for one another. Like any companionship they fight and hence they make up, yet Vladimir and Estragon surely share the strongest want for each others companionship.Vladimir GogoEstragon DidiVladimir Your handEstragon Take itVladimir Come to my armsEstragon Your arms?Vladimir My breastThey embrace. They separate. Silence. (Beckett, 200670)This passage in chip II portrays the journey of their relationship throughout the play. They top dog each others actions and the boredom in which they are isolated within may well be responsible for the bickering they sustain, yet no calculate what happens they return to each other, embracing each other. Another point which struck me about this passage is the humour in which this is to be performed. Almost as if they are mocking their own friendship they embrace but yet at once they separate again. It is important to stool that they do not always want to be each others friend, and that making up with one another is merely because one wouldnt survive without the other. Their playful record portrays the humour that Beckett intended for their companionship to have, and makes an audience question the realism of the pair as friends.It is however, these tender moments within the play that I begin to question whether the two characters hold only a friendship, yet this adds to Becketts notion of not bragging(a) too much away. The fighting and the making up, the embracing and the s eparating all hold connotations to that of a married catch. By the end of Act I we, as an audience, become aware of just how long Vladimir and Estragon have known each other Fifty years perhaps (Beckett, 2006 51) and as Act II begins Vladimir starts to sing and this could parallel the fact that he is aware that Estragon is tacit around. In the 2001 Michael Lindsay-Hogg of time lag for Godot for Beckett on film, this moment is played with sheer happiness. The expression on Vladimirs face turns from that of confusion to delight as he realises the pair of boots greeting him as he enters the scene are in fact Estragons. I believe that Vladimir feels as though their companionship may perhaps give his spiritedness its greatest sense of meaning.Within their relationship, whether this is just friendship or one of something more, it is easy to pinpoint a two gender relationship within the one sex partnership. The subject field Theatre in Londons 1987 production of Waiting for Godot with Alec McCowen as Vladimir showed the tender relationship between them fitted easily into the scheme of things, including the touch of nursemaid in Alec McCowens soothing carriage to his partner. (price, 199079) This nursemaid approach is further highlighted during Act I when Estragon violently says Im hungry. (Beckett, 200621) Vladimir cheerfully responds, as if feeding Estragon is his most interesting responsibility, making his manners appear worthwhile. This situation plays Estragon as the male, placing Vladimir in the female role, holding connotations that their partnership is portraying that of a married couple. Vladimir is copiously feeding his wife and Estragon is the irresponsible husband, with Vladimir always coming to his aide. Their wants and needs match each other perfectly and it could be for this reasoning that Beckett described them himself as a pseudo couple they dont necessarily always want to be in each others company, yet they recognise each other as a necessary person in order to survive.In order to think about this further, the passage in Act II w present they embrace, Vladimir refers to Estragon to embrace his breasts. Again, this holds feminine connotations and is another reason for mentation of the companions as a mixed gender partnership of husband and wife. Smith reiterates this idea further, Estragon and Vladimir are like a married couple whove been in concert too long, they grow old day by day. (Smith, 2009) As Smith states it appears that Vladimir and Estragon have been together for so long that they no longer see themselves as individuals, they have become one person and therefore if one leaves, so does the other. This enhances Becketts choice of the repeated line Im going, yet neither of them moves, they have physically grown to rely on one another. Vladimir speaks repeatedly of Estragons dependence of him and this not only mirrors the idea of Vladimir taking on the role of the nursemaid as Worth stated, but that although this seems warranted at times, at other times it seems as though it isnt the friendship that they are seeking, but simply the need to be emotionally underage on the presence of another.When looking at Becketts one act theatrical sketch Rough for Theatre I, it is this that allows us to take it and use it to understand the companionship of Vladimir and Estragon further. Rough for Theatre I sees two characters confined on a derelict street corner where everything is in ruins. Much like Waiting for Godot they find themselves alone, with only each other for company. One portrays a blind man, whilst the other remains immobile, stuck within a wheelchair. Just like that of Vladimir and Estragon they find themselves bickering, yet find a common ground through their disabilities. We can begin to look at this is order to help us understand Vladimir and Estragons relationship concerning the fact that the characters named A and B need the other in order to survive one can see and one can walk. In W aiting for Godot the personalities of the characters complement each other, one being absent-minded and forgetful with Estragon asking every so often throughout the play why are we here? and Vladimir simply replies with Were waiting for Godot. This once again shows the interdependence within their relationship and I find myself asking what would Estragon do without Vladimir? And vice versa.When thinking of Waiting for Godot in terms of rehearsal it is helpful to use Rough for Theatre I to understand the frame of mind the characters are in. It is clear that they do not necessarily want to be there, waiting, and Rough for Theatre I allows us to take the notion of need rather than want and apply this when performing the roles of Vladimir and Estragon. Sir Ian McKellen states in his diary whilst working towards performing the production In Godot, Didi, Rogers character, is the provider, the guardian, the one who is trying to work out the plan. (McKellen, 2001) When looking at rehearsing and performing the embracing passage within Act II McKellens words direct us on the roles we should be taking, yet with great care as to not disturb the balance of equivalence that Vladimir and Estragon uphold. They embrace. They separate. Silence. I believe the embrace is to be performed as a quick hold of each other, a reassurance that they are still there for each other yet at once they separate, as if to imply that they do not need to be friends the entire time and that by just perspicacious that one another are there for each other is enough to keep them going enough to keep them waiting for Godot.In Lindsay-Hoggs film stochastic variable the embrace is adapted to become a dance. In a mocking way they take hold of each other and dance around in circles, humming a simple tune. I believe that this shows the friendship to their companionship they are sharing laughter not love, and it is this laughter beyond the dullness of null to do that keeps them surviving.Vladimir and Est ragon are both characters that are forced to live in a inimical world bearing no material set just the company of one another to pass the time, so it is no wonder that they fight and bicker at times and they often threaten that maybe they are better off apart. However, when the idea of suicide faces them they cannot go ahead with it, they make false contestations yet as the day draws to an end they are still by one anothers side. As Vladimir answers Estragons want to hang themselves with I remain in the dark, (Beckett, 200618) Vladimir stresses his concerns to the options surrounding the outcome of the situation what if he goes first? What if Estragon hangs himself and then the bough breaks as Vladimir is about to do so, then he is left alone and, in some senses, in the dark. The isolation of being alone for Vladimir would be a more fatal outcome than Estragons, that of death. As Michael Billington states for The Guardian Becketts play becomes a compassionate metaphor for the hum an predicament confronted by a senseless world, the least we can hope for is the solace of companionship. (Billington, 2006) Vladimir and Estragon are not characters looking for friendship, although at times throughout the play we see this blossoming and then they have another argument and they wish to be anywhere but in each others company. Waiting for Godot is exploring human relationships and the play seems to reflect the friendships in society at present Becketts play touches everyone. Yet being together within a static place for fifty years perhaps (Beckett, 2006 51) has allowed for the two characters to create such a friendship, of being there for someone when they need you most. Vladimirs character shows this as he places his coat over the shoulders of a sleeping Estragon, and at the same time they have created a companionship that has meant that these two characters are really to be thought of as pieces of one personality, they fit together as one. When they reach the point s in life where they feel I cant go on like this (Beckett, 2006 87) the irony of Becketts play is that they do. And there is something inexpressibly moving about the final image of their shared tranquillity as they confront an endless series of futile tomorrows, (Billington, 2006) together, as companions.John Hopkins Constitution of TrustsJohn Hopkins Constitution of TrustsA beneficiary under a commit is a extend unless he has provided valuable consideration.1 Where a giving is made, the beneficiary will always be a volunteer as it is by description made without consideration. The traditional equitable proverb is that beauteousness will not assist a volunteer.2 This generally means that where a bequest is made imperfectly, legality will not enable the intended beneficiary to claim the gift under a institutionalize. However, there are exceptions to the rule. This essay will consider these exceptions and the extent to which the rule has developed from equity will not assis t a volunteer to a position of equity will not assist a volunteer if, in doing so, it would repair the consequences of a would-be donors folly.The leading case in this area is Milroy v Lord3 where a spontaneous deed which purported to assign 50 shares to Samuel Lord on depone for Milroy. Lord was already acting as Milroys agent under a position of attorney. The formalities of the share wobble were not complied with. Milroy therefore sought to establish that a trust had been declared. It was held that an ineffective transfer does not constitute a solution of trust without there being a clear intention to create a trust. Furthermore, if a voluntary settlement is to be effectual and effectual, the settlor must have done everything which was necessary to be done to transfer the property and render the settlement binding upon him.4 As the shares had not been transferred, no trust was created and no gift made.The case of Milroy v Lord thus provides that for the settlement to be bind ing there must be either an outright transfer, a declaration of self as trustee, or a transfer of property to a third party as trustee.The facts of Jones v Lock5 were that a father produced a cheque payable to himself and said Look you here, I give this to baby it is for himself and placed the cheque in the babys hand. He then took the cheque back stating that he was going to put it away for him. It was held that there had been no effective gift because no valid transfer had occurred. Moreover, it was held that a failed gift cannot be construed to be a valid declaration of trust. It was said that the crucial principle is that an owner must not be deprived of his property unless, by making a valid gift or trust, he has demonstrated the seriousness of his intention to dispose of the benefit of his property.6However, where the property is vested in the trustees in circumstances outside their capacity as trustees, the trust may be constituted, pull down though the beneficiaries are vo lunteers7 (Re Rallis Will Trusts8). Other exceptions include the rule in Strong v Bird9 and Donationes Mortis Causa. As these exceptions are uncommon, the main exception and development as set out below will be the focus of this piece.The case of Re Rose10 demonstrates the principle that where a donor has done everything they can to transfer title to another but that outright trust has not been completed, an equitable interest will have passed, even where the donee is a volunteer.11 This principle is therefore an exception to the general rule that equity will not assist a volunteer and is based upon the inequity of reneging on a promise once the donor has purported to transfer title by doing everything necessary for him to do.The principle in Re Rose has recently been extended. In T Choithram International SA v Pagarani,12 a man lying on his deathbed sought to declare an inter vivos trust over his property. The settlors intention was to become one of nine trustees, but he failed to transfer legal title to all nine trustees and as a consequence, under the ordinary law of trusts, the trust would not have been validly constituted. The Court of Appeal thus held that he had neither effectively vested the property in the trustees, nor did his words of gift render him a trustee. Furthermore the court will not give a benevolent construction so as to treat ineffective words of outright gift as taking effect as if the donor had declared himself a trustee for the donee. In the words of Hopkins, the Court of Appeal decided the matter on the basis that equity will not assist a volunteer or perfect an imperfect gift.13In allowing the appeal, the Privy Council current the maxims but added that equity will not strive officiously to defeat a gift. The reasoning for holding a trust was that the settlor had done all that was necessary to constitute a trust, by declaring himself as trustee. His words that he would give could only then mean I give to the trustees of the foundati on trust deed to be held by them on the trusts of the foundation trust deed.14The case of Choithram may therefore be taken to be support for Hopkins statement that that the courts have left behind the well-known equitable maxim equity will not assist a volunteer and have reframed it as equity will not assist a volunteer if, in doing so, it would repair the consequences of a would-be donors folly. This is because, in both Re Rose and Choithram there was no folly in the sense that the donor had not done all that was necessary and therefore, on the basis of the reformulated maxim the trusts were rightly held. Conversely, in both Jones v Lock and Milroy v Lord, the donor had not done all that was necessary, and was therefore acting in folly.However, this is not the end of the developments. In Pennington v Waine15 A have 1500 of the 2000 shares in C Ltd. She instructed P, a partner in C Ltd auditors, that she wished to transfer 400 shares to her nephew H and that he was to become a dire ctor. A gestural the share and P placed it on the companys file. A made her will a short time later bequeathing the rest of her shareholding but making no mention of the 400 shares transferred to H.Under the traditional law, as seen above, the gift would have been complete only once the signed stock transfer form and the share certificate had been handed to the donee. The Court of Appeal in fact held that the gift was to be regarded as completely constituted, despite the lack of delivery and the fact that there was apparently nothing to stop A from recalling her gift.16The Court of Appeal followed the maxim as stated in Choithram that equity will not assist a volunteer but will not strive officiously to defeat a gift. It was held that at the time it would be extortionate for the transferor to be able to change their mind, equity should hold the gift to be properly constituted. Per Arden LJIf one proceeds on the basis that a principle which animates the answer to the question wheth er an apparently incomplete gift is to be treated as completely constituted is that a donor will not be permitted to change his or her mind if it would be unconscionable, in the eyes of equity, vis--vis the donee to do so, what is the position here? There can be no comprehensive list of factors which makes it unconscionable for the donor to change his or her mind it must depend on the courts evaluation of all the relevant considerations. What then are the relevant facts here? A made the gift of her own free will there is no finding that she was not competent to do this. She not only told H about the gift and signed a form of transfer which she delivered to P for him to secure registration her agent also told H that he need take no action. In addition H agreed to become a director of the company without limit of time, which he could not do without shares being transferred to him.It has been argued that this decision was based on a misunderstanding of the decision in Choithram where i t was held that it would be as unconscionable for a settlor who had declared a trust when he was one of a number of trustees to subsequently resile from his declaration as if he had declared himself to be the sole trustee.17 Moreover, it is widely accepted that the decision goes much further than previous law.18Examining Hopkins statement in light of this development, it is unlikely that the maxim can be said to be redefined to incorporate the donors folly, as the present position appears to leave plenty of scope for assisting a volunteer where doing so would correct a donors folly. Indeed, Pennington v Waine may well be overruled in the future, but at present, the most apt re-statement of the maxim is equity will not assist a volunteer unless it would be unconscionable not to do so.19BibliographyDelany, H., and Ryan, D., Unconscionability a unifying theme in equity, (2008) Conv 401Garton, J., The role of the trust mechanism in the rule in Re Rose, (2003) Conv 364Halliwell, M., Perf ecting imperfect gifts and trusts have we reached the end of the Chancellors hind end?, (2003) Conv 192Hopkins, J., Constitution of trusts a novel point, (2001) CLJUK 483Hudson, A., Equity and Trusts, 5th form (2007), Routledge-CavendishMartin, J.E., Hanbury and Martin Modern Equity, seventeenth Edition (2005), Sweet MaxwellMorris, J., Questions when is an invalid gift a valid gift? When is an incompletely constituted trust a completely constituted trust? Answer after the decisions in Choithram and Pennington, (2003) PCB 393Oakley, A.J., Parker and Mellows The Modern law of nature of Trusts, 9th Edition (2008), Sweet MaxwellPettit, P.H., Equity and the Law of Trusts, 10th Edition (2006), Oxford University PressTham, C.H., Careless share giving, (2006) CONVPL 411Watt, G., Trusts and Equity, 3rd Edition (2008), Oxford University PressFootnotes1 Pettit, P.H., Equity and the Law of Trusts, 10th Edition (2006), Oxford University Press, pg 1042 Hudson, A., Equity and Trusts, 5th Edi tion (2007), Routledge-Cavendish, pg 263 (1862) 4 De GF J 2644 Hudson, supra pg 2215 (1965) LR 1 Ch App 256 Watt, G., Trusts and Equity, 3rd Edition (2008), Oxford University Press, pg 1217 Martin, J.E., Hanbury and Martin Modern Equity, 17th Edition (2005), Sweet Maxwell, pg 1228 1964 Ch 2889 (1874) 18 Eq 31510 1952 Ch 49911 Hudson, supra pg 22212 2001 1 WLR 113 Hopkins, J., Constitution of trusts a novel point, (2001) CLJUK 48314 Lord Browne-Wilkinson at 1215 2002 1 WLR 207516 see Morris, J., Questions when is an invalid gift a valid gift? When is an incompletely constituted trust a completely constituted trust? Answer after the decisions in Choithram and Pennington, (2003) PCB 39317 Oakley, A.J., Parker and Mellows The Modern Law of Trusts, 9th Edition (2008), Sweet Maxwell, pg 15618 Garton, J., The role of the trust mechanism in the rule in Re Rose, (2003) Conv 364 Tham, C.H., Careless share giving, (2006) CONVPL 411 Delany, H., and Ryan, D., Unconscionability a unifying the me in equity, (2008) Conv 40119 Halliwell, M., Perfecting imperfect gifts and trusts have we reached the end of the Chancellors foot?, (2003) Conv 192

Software Piracy :: essays research papers

Software PiracyAlmost everyday it seems , software companys keep pumping out brand newsoftware that kills the day befores in that it is more(prenominal) sophisticated and more intune with the needs of todays superusers , office users , and home users . Yet ,at the same time , the software theft indus leaven in growing at an even faster rate, costing software companies billions of dollars a year . The piece of shitpolitical science can put as many copyright laws in a book as they feel , but presently itwill be virtually impossible to stop .Although figurer illiteracy may still lurk by the thousands , computerintelligance lurks by the millions and even billions . We are going to bypassany laws you throw at us .There is no stopping it . America has gotta wake up ,no matter what kind of warning you put out , or whatever other restrictions youtry to enforce , there will always be another way . No matter what kind ofencryption there will always be someone out there , wether it be me or the nextguy , whose intelligence is greater then those who make the software .According to the federal disposal , that by the way has no realcontrol over america since they cant even control themselves , software isprotected from the moment of its creation . As soon as that software hits thestore it is protected by the United States Federal Government . Yet , thousandsof software titles have been put out there , and the government hasnt protecteda fucking thing from happening . What a joke , how can we let such morons runthis nation . The law in the ground forces states that a person may who buys the softwaremay (I) copy it to a single computer and (II) make a copy for archival purposes. This also holds professedly in canada with the exception of the user only being ableto make a backup copy instead of the USA law which is allowed for both archivaland backup . In actuality , the government can not baby sit everyone who buyssoftware . How are they gonna know when John Doe buys a c opy of Duke Nukem 3Dand wants to install on Jane Smiths computer so they can get some network gamesgoing on . Yea right , they have control .

I am alone :: essays research papers

I am aloneIn the speech I am alone by Cochise, a Native American leader address to the white people for pink of my John. The story goes back when the Native Americans (Chiricahua tribe) owned the land in the western part of the United States known as Apache land. First the Mexicans came across their land and try to over-rule them in which resulted the Mexican War. The war lasted years and the Natives lastly overcame the Mexicans. After the Mexican War then came the Europeans who sailed across the stayful Ocean and landed on the Apache land. At first the Europeans make friends with the Natives then the Europeans turned against them and falsely accused Cochise of kidnapping a white child. The captured of Cochise made the Natives cutthroat and brought tension on the Europeans. In 1861 the conflict between the Natives and the Europeans begins in which caused war. The Europeans were too much to handle for the Natives they brought many troops across the sea to fight the Indians and la stly overcame them. Many Natives and Europeans were killed in the war, the Natives were forced to give up their land and be transferred to a reservation far from Apache. It was 1871 when the Natives seek peace with the Europeans they send Cochise to address peace with the Europeans and negotiated a new treaty which allowed the remaining Natives to stay in Apache.In the reading it sounds like the Chiricahua tribes were gullible and compassionate. The Natives were gullible because they assume the Europeans come to Apache for visit or to make friends with them. After the horrible tragedy with the Spanish the Natives should have attacked all the intruders that came across on their land instead of befriending the Europeans and ending up loosing their territories to the Europeans.I am alone essays research papers I am aloneIn the speech I am alone by Cochise, a Native American leader address to the white people for peace. The story goes back when the Native Americans (Chiricahua tribe) owned the land in the western part of the United States known as Apache land. First the Mexicans came across their land and try to over-rule them in which resulted the Mexican War. The war lasted years and the Natives eventually overcame the Mexicans. After the Mexican War then came the Europeans who sailed across the Pacific Ocean and landed on the Apache land. At first the Europeans make friends with the Natives then the Europeans turned against them and falsely accused Cochise of kidnapping a white child. The captured of Cochise made the Natives risky and brought tension on the Europeans. In 1861 the conflict between the Natives and the Europeans begins in which caused war. The Europeans were too much to handle for the Natives they brought many troops across the sea to fight the Indians and eventually overcame them. Many Natives and Europeans were killed in the war, the Natives were forced to give up their land and be transferred to a reservation far from Apache. It was 1871 w hen the Natives seek peace with the Europeans they send Cochise to address peace with the Europeans and negotiated a new treaty which allowed the remaining Natives to stay in Apache.In the reading it sounds like the Chiricahua tribes were gullible and compassionate. The Natives were gullible because they assume the Europeans come to Apache for visit or to make friends with them. After the horrible tragedy with the Spanish the Natives should have attacked all the intruders that came across on their land instead of befriending the Europeans and ending up loosing their territories to the Europeans.